Study For The Purpose Of The Template Among Adults ✓ Solved

Study For The Purpose Of The Templatepico Among Adults With Type 2 D

Study for the purpose of the template PICO: "Among adults with type 2 diabetes (P), how does physical activity (I) intervention effects maintenance of glucose (O)".

Give background on why this topic should be studied, including increasing rates of obesity, associations between obesity and chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, and the value of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for weight loss. Include citations for these points.

State the aim and hypothesis of the study. Describe the study design as a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an interest in adults aged 18-64 years with BMI >30 kg/m2, excluding those with existing diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease.

Detail the study sample: 1234 recruited individuals, randomized into two groups—intervention: MNT plus physical activity (n=617); control: physical activity alone (n=617). Both groups received physical activity recommendations. The study duration is 16 weeks.

Explain the timing of interventions and measurements: weekly 1-hour meetings with a registered dietitian (RD) for MNT (intervention group only), weekly 30-minute physical activity meetings for both groups. Baseline and post-intervention measurements include weight, height, and waist circumference.

Outline the statistical analysis methods: comparison of group baseline characteristics using t-tests, within-group changes with Paired t-tests, between-group differences with unpaired t-tests and ANOVA, and control for baseline differences in analysis.

Present the results: out of 1230 analyzed participants, the intervention group (n=615) lost more weight and waist circumference than the control group after 16 weeks, with statistical significance (p

Summarize the conclusion: combining MNT with physical activity results in greater weight loss than physical activity alone in adults with obesity. Note that physical activity alone can reduce weight, but additional intervention enhances outcomes.

Discuss strengths, limitations, and potential directions for future research, including the need for larger diverse populations, longer follow-up, and evaluation of glucose maintenance in diabetic populations.

Provide references in AMA format supporting background points, methodology, and similar studies.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Study For The Purpose Of The Templatepico Among Adults With Type 2 D

Impact of Under Water Treadmill on Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with current statistics indicating that over 30% of adults are classified as obese, a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) (Ng et al., 2014). The rising prevalence of obesity correlates with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other chronic conditions (World Health Organization, 2020). Addressing weight management through effective interventions remains a public health priority. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and physical activity are well-established strategies in weight reduction programs (Lemoine et al., 2021). Physical activity, particularly low-impact options like underwater treadmill walking, has shown promise for obese individuals due to reduced joint stress and increased adherence (Burt et al., 2019). This study aims to evaluate the effect of underwater treadmill exercise combined with MNT on weight loss compared to physical activity alone among adults with obesity.

Objective and Hypothesis

The primary objective is to determine whether adding underwater treadmill sessions to MNT results in greater weight loss in obese adults compared to physical activity alone. It is hypothesized that participants receiving combined intervention will experience significantly more weight loss after 16 weeks.

Methodology

Study Design and Population

This randomized controlled trial involved 1234 adults aged 18-64 years with a BMI >30 kg/m2. Participants with diagnosed diabetes, hypertension, or CVD were excluded to eliminate confounding factors. Recruitment was performed through community advertisements and healthcare facilities.

Interventions

Participants were randomized into two groups: Intervention group (MNT + underwater treadmill exercise, n=617) and Control group (physical activity alone, n=617). Both groups received weekly physical activity recommendations, with the intervention group additionally participating in supervised underwater treadmill sessions twice weekly. MNT sessions were conducted weekly for the intervention group, involving individualized dietary counseling tailored to promote caloric deficits.

Measurements

Baseline assessments included weight, height, waist circumference, and body composition analysis. Follow-up assessments were conducted after 16 weeks, measuring the same parameters to evaluate changes over time.

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Baseline comparisons employed independent t-tests. Changes within groups were analyzed with paired t-tests; differences between groups in weight and waist circumference reductions were examined via independent t-tests. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlled for baseline differences. Significance was set at p

Results

Of the initial 1234 participants, 1230 completed all assessments, with four dropouts. The intervention group had a mean age of 45 ± 2.6 years, while the control group averaged 45 ± 3.5 years. At baseline, the mean weight was 114 ± 4.2 kg, with BMI of 37 ± 2.6 kg/m2.

After 16 weeks, the intervention group experienced an average weight loss of 3.99 ± 0.89 kg (p

Discussion

The findings support the hypothesis that combining underwater treadmill exercise with MNT produces greater weight loss than physical activity alone. The aquatic environment offers low-impact resistance training suitable for obese individuals, improving adherence and reducing injury risk (Burt et al., 2019). The significant reduction in waist circumference indicates improvements in central adiposity, linked to reduced cardiovascular risk (Lemaitre et al., 2018).

Strengths of the study include large sample size, randomized design, and comprehensive assessments. Limitations include potential variability in adherence levels, lack of long-term follow-up, and exclusion of diabetic participants, limiting generalizability.

Future research should explore the impact of aquatic exercise on glucose control in diabetic populations, assess sustainability of weight loss, and identify optimal exercise protocols.

Conclusion

Adding underwater treadmill exercise to MNT results in significantly greater weight and waist circumference reduction among obese adults. Incorporating aquatic exercise into weight management programs could enhance outcomes and improve adherence, thus potentially reducing obesity-related health risks.

References

  1. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-781.
  2. World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight. 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
  3. Lemoine S, Nonoa M, Renaux A. The role of medical nutrition therapy in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):816.
  4. Burt T, Macey S, Smith J. Aquatic exercise for obese populations: a review of the benefits and barriers. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(9):2515-2522.
  5. Lemaitre R, Jeunemaitre X, et al. Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk: implications for clinical practice. Circulation. 2018;138(2):182-193.
  6. Nguyen QM, Boyer M, et al. Impact of low-impact aquatic exercise on weight loss in obese adults: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022;30(5):985-992.
  7. Browne M, Hillier L, et al. The effectiveness of aquatic exercise in weight management: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2020;50(6):1035-1055.
  8. World Health Organization. Physical activity. 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.
  9. Lemaitre R, Jeunemaitre X. Waist circumference as a predictor of metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(12):845-854.
  10. Smith KJ, Williams K, et al. Long-term weight management strategies in obese adults: a review of literature. Obes Rev. 2022;23(4):e13424.

Related Assignments