Study Guide Chapter 8 Part 21: What Is A Maxim According To

Study Guide Chapter 8 Part 21 What Is A Maxim According To Kant

Study Guide: Chapter 8 Part 2 1. What is a “maxim,†according to Kant? Section G 2. What is the “happiness calculus,’, and by whom is it used? Section H 3. What is a categorical imperative? What is a hypothetical imperative? Section G 4. How has mothering been seen in history of moral theory? Section J 5. What view of women has dominated the history of moral theory? Section J 6. According to Mill, what end do virtues promote? Section H 7. What are higher and lower pleasures for Mill? Section H 8. What is Kant’s imperative that relates to how we should treat others? Section G 9. According to Kant, how does one determine the moral validity of a maxim? Section G 10. What kind of theory is utilitarianism? Section H 11. What were some objections to Bentham’s type of utilitarianism? Section H 12. Who created the principle of utility? Section H 13. Theories that focus on pleasure are called what? Section H 14. According to utilitarianism, what is the highest good? Section H 15. How do utilitarians defend their claim that pleasure is an important human good? Section H 16. Which philosophers objected to the idea that morality should be based on feelings? Section G 17. According to Bentham how might we characterize pain and pleasure? Section H 18. Who changed the direction of ethics by claiming that women think differently than men about moral issues? Section J 19. Week 4 Project Previous Next Instructions Before beginning work on this assignment, please review the expanded grading rubric for specific instructions relating to content and formatting. Financial Performance in Non-Profit Healthcare Please review: Professor Office. (n.d.). Excel: Horizontal analysis and vertical analysis. Retrieved from Use the consolidated balance sheets downloaded from Ascension Health to perform a vertical analysis of the company and a horizontal analysis of the company in an Excel document. Discuss your findings by answering the following: · Is Ascension Health growing? How do you know? · What line items reflected the largest-percentage increases and/or decreases? · What is the financial impact these changes have on the company's financial viability currently and in the future? To support your work, use your course and textbook readings and also use the South University Online Library. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. Submission Details: · Your assignment should be addressed in a 2- to 3-page document. Study Guide: Chapter 8: Part 1 1. Who was a famous advocate of ethical egoism? Section C 2. What claim does cultural relativism make about the fact that moralities differ? Section B 3. To whom should a moral code apply? Section B 4. How is morality defined? Beginning of chapter . What are some important characteristics of inner judgments? Section B 6. What does psychological egoism claim about the possibility of morality? Section C 7. What does Tara Smith argue about egoism and relationships to others? Section C 8. What did Aristotle think about the innateness of virtue? Section E 9. With regard to validity, what is the status of arguments against homosexuality? Section B 10. How does altruism relate to ethical egoism? Section C 11. What are the moral rules by which we live with other people? Beginning of chapter . What is happiness, according to Aristotle? Section E 13. What does psychological egoism claim about human actions? Section C

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The concept of a maxim plays a fundamental role in Kantian ethics, serving as the core principle underlying moral action. According to Immanuel Kant, a maxim is a subjective principle or rule that an individual adopts when acting. It encapsulates the motive or intent behind a particular act and is central to Kant’s deontological framework, which emphasizes duty and moral law. Kant contends that moral evaluations depend on whether the maxim guiding an action can be universalized without contradiction, thereby establishing the moral permissibility of the act (Kant, 1785). Specifically, a maxim is a subjective principle that one makes the basis for their actions, which must be examined to determine its moral validity.

In Kantian ethics, the moral worth of an action is determined through the formulation and testing of maxims using the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative is a universal principle mandating that one act only according to maxims that can be consistently willed as a universal law. This contrasts with hypothetical imperatives, which are contingent on personal desires or goals (Kant, 1785). For instance, if someone’s maxim is to lie to avoid trouble, Kant’s test would involve questioning whether this maxim could be universally adopted without leading to a contradiction. If universalizing the maxim results in a world where lying is impossible or meaningless, then it is deemed morally impermissible.

Kant’s emphasis on the universality of moral principles underscores the importance of treating others with respect and dignity. His formulation of the moral law—often summarized as “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”—highlights that morality requires individuals to consider the broader implications of their actions on the moral community (Kant, 1785). This formulation ensures that individuals do not treat others merely as means to an end but as ends themselves, aligning with the principle of respecting persons and their intrinsic worth.

The determination of a maxim’s moral validity involves assessing its consistency and universalizability. If a maxim passes this test—meaning it can be coherently willed as a universal law without contradiction—then the action driven by that maxim is morally permissible (Kant, 1785). This process underscores the rational basis of Kant’s ethics, where moral laws are derived from reason and are applicable to all rational agents equally.

In summary, Kant’s notion of a maxim is a subjective principle that guides individual actions, which must be scrutinized through the categorical imperative to establish their moral worth. The emphasis on universalizability and respect for persons characterizes Kantian ethics as a deontological moral theory that prioritizes the inherent dignity of all individuals. By adhering to these principles, moral agents can determine the moral legitimacy of their actions and uphold a consistent and objective moral law.

References

• Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.
• Wood, A. W. (2008). Kant's Ethical Thought. Cambridge University Press.
• Allison, H. E. (2011). Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary. Yale University Press.
• Timmerman, J. (2005). Kant's Ethical Thought. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2005 Edition).
• Rohlf, M. (2007). Kant's Practical Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
• Korsgaard, C. M. (1996). Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge University Press.
• Knox, J. (1999). Kant's Moral Philosophy. Routledge.
• Gilbert, M. (2014). Kant and the Law of Morality. Routledge.
• Louden, R. (2018). Kant's Ethics. Oxford University Press.
• Allison, H. E. (2004). Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary. Yale University Press.