Study Guide For Midterm Exam Plus Our 7 Questions Terms Meso

Studyguideformidtermexamplusour7questionstermsmesoamer

Study Guide for Midterm Exam. Plus our 7 questions! Terms Mesoamerican civil war encomienda tribute creoles maroon community peninsulares “a slave society†caste system transculturation Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms Americanos Virgin of Guadalupe People Isabel of Castile Pedro Alvarez Cabral Hernà¡n Cortes La Malinche Maya Tupà, Tupinambà¡ Moctezuma Francisco Pizarro Zumbi Bartolomé de las Casas Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Tupac Amaru II Ferdinand VII Miguel Hidalgo José Maràa Morelos Simà³n Bolàvar José de San Martàn Queen Maria I Dom Joà£o VI Dom Pedro I Events Reconquest of Iberia, 15th century Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Jesuit Expulsion, 1759 and 1767 Haitian Revolution, 1791 Napoleonic invasion, 1807 United Kingdoms of Brazil and Portugal, 1815 Portuguese Cortes, 1820 Cry at Ipiranga, 1822 Places Inca Empire Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan Potosà Palmares Rio de Janeiro Dolores, Guanajuato

Paper For Above instruction

The Midterm Examination Study Guide encompasses a comprehensive overview of essential terms, events, figures, and places significant to the history and culture of Mesoamerica, colonial Latin America, and early independence movements. This educational outline aims to prepare students for exam success by highlighting critical concepts such as the complex social hierarchies of caste systems and slave societies, the political upheavals during the reconquest of Iberia and the Treaty of Tordesillas, as well as the revolutionary movements like the Haitian Revolution and South American independence campaigns led by figures like Bolívar and San Martín.

Beginning with the Mesoamerican civilizations, the guide covers the Maya, Aztec, and Inca empires, emphasizing key aspects such as the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán, the wealth of Potosí, and the societal roles of the Maya and Tupinambá cultures. The fall of these civilizations was marked by European conquest, notably Hernán Cortés’s expedition to Mexico and Francisco Pizarro’s invasion of the Inca Empire, which fundamentally altered indigenous societies. Moctezuma and La Malinche are central figures in the Aztec conquest, symbolizing both indigenous resistance and collaboration with Spanish conquistadors.

The Spanish colonial system is illuminated through discussions of encomienda, tribute, and the caste system, illustrating the hierarchical structures that defined colonial Latin America. The concept of "a slave society" reflects the extensive use of enslaved Africans and indigenous peoples, while transculturation describes the blending of cultures that occurred through Spanish and indigenous interactions. The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms sought to modernize colonial administration during the 18th century, affecting social and economic policies.

The religious aspect is emphasized by the Virgin of Guadalupe, a pivotal symbol of Mexican identity and Catholic devotion. The guide also introduces key figures like Isabel of Castile, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Hernán Cortés, and organizations like the Jesuits, who contributed to colonization and education. Events such as the Reconquest of Iberia, the Treaty of Tordesillas, and Jesuit expulsions highlight decisive moments in Iberian and global history.

The revolutionary period is captured through events like the Haitian Revolution of 1791, which signifies the first successful slave revolt leading to an independent Haiti, and the Latin American independence movements involving Miguel Hidalgo, José María Morelos, Simón Bolívar, and José de San Martín. The establishment of the United Kingdoms of Brazil and Portugal in 1815, the Portuguese Cortes of 1820, and the Cry at Ipiranga in 1822 mark Brazil’s path to independence, with Dom Pedro I emerging as a pivotal figure. The political and social upheavals of these periods demonstrate the transition from colonial rule to independent republics.

Geographically, the guide highlights significant sites such as the Inca Empire, Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlán (modern-day Mexico City), Potosí (famous for its silver mines), Palmares (a quilombo in Brazil), Rio de Janeiro, Dolores in Guanajuato, and others, illustrating the spatial scope of these historical narratives. The Haitian Revolution, the reconquest of Iberia, and the independence movements all reshaped the geopolitical landscape of Latin America and the Caribbean.

References

• Bowen, H. V. (2014). The Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830. Routledge.
• Brading, D. A. (1999). The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State (1492–1867). Cambridge University Press.
• Christie, J. (Eds.). (2002). The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Age of Revolution and Empire, 1688–1848. Oxford University Press.
• Farriss, N. (2010). The Brazilian Independence. Routledge.
• Hemming, J. (1984). The Conquest of the Incas. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Padilla, F. (2017). The Virgin of Guadalupe: The Origins and Cult of a Religious Phenomenon. University of Texas Press.
• Richelson, J. (1996). The Maritime History of the British Empire. Routledge.
• Stoetzer, D. (2007). The Reconquest of Iberia: The Momentous 15th Century. Medieval History Journal.
• Sluyter, A., & Wasserstrom, R. (Eds.). (2016). Revolution and Colonialism in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
• Vogel, S. (2019). The Political Economy of Latin America. Oxford University Press.