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Record your observations for each type of motion from Step 4 in the space below. Comment on where the water tended to move. If the water spilled, note which side it spilled from. Explain how your observations of the water demonstrate Newton’s law of inertia. Draw a free body diagram of your box of water from the situation in Procedure 4d. Draw arrows for the force of gravity, the normal force (your hand pushing up on the box), and the stopping force (your hand decelerating the box as you stop). What is the direction of the water’s acceleration? Note, free body diagrams are discussed in depth in Lab 2: Types of Forces. See Figure 3 for a sample diagram. Remember, the object is usually indicated as a box, and each force that acts upon the box is indicated with an arrow. The size of the arrow indicates the magnitude of the force, and the direction of the arrow indicates the direction which the force is acting. Each arrow should be labeled to identify the type of force. Note, not all objects have four forces acting upon them. F friction F app F normal F gravity.

Can you think of an instance when you are driving or riding in a car that is similar to this experiment? Describe two instances where you feel forces in a car in terms of inertia.

Experiment 2: Unbalanced Forces - Newton’s Second Law

When you give one set of washers a downward push, does it move as easily as the other set? Does it stop before it reaches the floor? How do you explain this behavior? Draw an FBD for M1 and M2 in each procedure (Procedure 1 and Procedure 2). Draw force arrows for the force due to gravity acting on both masses (Fg1 and Fg2), and the force of tension (FT). Also draw arrows indicating the direction of acceleration, a.

Experiment 3: Newton’s Third Law

Explain what caused the balloon to move in terms of Newton’s Third Law. What is the force pair in this experiment? Draw a Free Body Diagram (FBD) to represent the (unbalanced) forces on the balloon/straw combination. Add some mass to the straw by taping some metal washers to the bottom and repeat the experiment. How does this change the motion of the assembly? How does this change the FBD? If the recoil of the rifle has the same magnitude force on the shooter as the rifle has on the bullet, why does the shooter not fly backwards with a high velocity?

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Newton’s laws of motion are foundational principles in physics that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it. The experiment conducted on water motion illustrates Newton's First Law, which states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. Observations from the water motion showed that water tends to continue moving in the same direction when the box is abruptly stopped, demonstrating inertia. If water spills from a specific side, it indicates the direction of the water's inertia and the external force that was applied or removed.

In the free body diagram (FBD) of the box of water, three primary forces act upon it. The force of gravity acts downward, pulling the water toward the Earth’s core. The normal force exerted by the hand on the box pushes upward, counteracting gravity. The stopping force, which is the force exerted by the hand decelerating the box of water, acts in the opposite direction to the motion of the box. The acceleration of the water is directed opposite to the initial movement, showing that once external force ceases, inertia maintains the current state of motion, and any change in movement (acceleration) occurs only when a net force acts on it.

Driving experiences that parallel this experiment include sudden stops or accelerations. For example, when a car brakes abruptly, passengers' bodies tend to lunge forward due to inertia, which is an unbalanced force acting in the opposite direction. Similarly, during sharp turns, passengers tend to lean in the direction of the turn, illustrating inertia in a curved path. These everyday examples underscore how forces influence motion and the importance of seatbelts to counteract inertial forces during unexpected stops.

Experiment 2 involved analyzing the motion of masses M1 and M2 under different conditions. When a downward push is applied to a set of washers, the ease of movement depends on the applied force and the mass’s resistance due to inertia. If M2 requires more force to accelerate or stops before reaching the floor, it exemplifies how mass and net force influence acceleration, consistent with Newton’s Second Law, F = ma. In the FBDs for M1 and M2, gravity always acts downward, tension in the connecting string acts upward or in the direction of the applied force, and acceleration is indicated by an arrow pointing in the direction of the mass’s change in velocity. Variations in behavior between the two masses highlight how unbalanced forces produce acceleration differences.

Newton’s Third Law explains the movement of the balloon within the straw. When the balloon expels air backward, it exerts an equal and opposite force on the air, propelling the balloon forward. This force pair, action-reaction, demonstrates how every action produces an equal and opposite reaction. By attaching additional mass to the straw, the motion slows, as the increased mass requires a greater force to achieve the same acceleration. The FBDs show the forces of the expelled air, gravity, and tension, with the increased mass affecting the net force and resulting acceleration.

When considering a rifle, recoil occurs because the force exerted on the bullet by the gun is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted on the shooter and gun. However, due to the gun's mass being much greater than the bullet, the recoil velocity of the shooter is negligible. The law of conservation of momentum ensures that the total momentum before and after firing remains zero. The small change in the shooter's velocity illustrates the principle that larger mass results in smaller acceleration for the same applied force, preventing the shooter from being thrown backward at high velocity despite equal force magnitudes.

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