Taxonomy

Taxono

Joy Nissan 9/23/2014 Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 5 Lab Report Title: Taxonomy Lab to Show Organism Relationships Part 1 Table 1: Samples 1–5 Phylum/Division Sample 1: Chrysophyta Sample 2: Annelida Sample 3: Arthropoda Sample 4: Amphibia Sample 5: Aves Common Feature Nutrition How does the organism break down and absorb food? Autotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Circulatory System (Transport) How does the organism get what it needs to cells (open, closed, diffusion only)? Diffusion Closed with 5 aortic arches (hearts) Open circulatory system with a heart pumping hemolymph -chambered heart With chambered heart Respiratory System How does the organism get oxygen and release carbon dioxide? Diffusion Diffusion through skin Diffusion through tracheal tubes Diffusion through gills as a tadpole through lungs and skin (especially) as adults Diffusion through lungs Reproductive System Does the organism use asexual or sexual reproduction (eggs, seeds, spores, placenta, and type of fertilization)? Asexual Hermaphrodites: One body has both sexes Sexual: Has special organ called clitellum that moves from the front of the worm to the rear and then falls off, containing the eggs Sexual: Mostly internal fertilization Sexual: Mostly external fertilization; must be in water or very moist area Sexual: Eggs, internal Excretory System How does the organism get rid of wastes and maintain an ionic balance of fluids? Diffusion Nephridia in each segment; solid waste exits through the anus Malpighian tubules Kidneys, intestines, anus None Growth and Development Does the organism go through metamorphosis, develop in an egg or uterus, or grow from seeds? Starts as small cells; grow bigger until division Start out as fertilized eggs, hatch into little worms that continue to grow, and then mature sexually into adults Complete (egg, larvae, pupae, adult) or incomplete (egg, nymph, adult) metamorphosis Metamorphosis: Egg, tadpole, adult Develop in egg Regulation How does the organism control body processes (hormones, nervous system)? The nucleus directs protein synthesis. Euglena have eye spots that can detect light Tiny anterior brain, ganglia, and the nerve cord runs the length of the body Tiny anterior brain, nerve cord, ganglia, and extremely well-developed sensory organs Brain, nervous system, good reflexes Nervous and endocrine systems Sample organism Phytoplankton Earthworm Fruit Fly Frog Bird

Table 2: Samples 6–10 Phylum/Division Sample 6: Reptilians Sample 7: Mammalia Sample 8: Bryophyta Sample 9: Gymnosperm Sample 10: Angiosperm Common Feature Nutrition How does the organism break down and absorb food? Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Autotrophic Autotrophic Circulatory System (Transport) How does the organism get what it needs to cells (open, closed, diffusion only)? Closed with 4 chambered heart Closed with 4 chambered heart Diffusion through cell walls and cell membranes Xylem and phloem Xylem and phloem Respiratory System How does the organism get oxygen and release carbon dioxide? Diffusion through the lungs Diffusion through the lungs Diffusion through cell membranes Diffusion through stomata Diffusion through stomata Reproductive System Does the organism use asexual or sexual reproduction (eggs, seeds, spores, placenta, and type of fertilization)? Sexual: Eggs; internal Sexual: Placental, in-uterus development (internal) Sexual: Alternation of generations. Must be in a moist area for the sperm to swim to the egg Sexual: Alternation of generations. Pollen is the male sex cell Sexual: Alternation of generations. Pollen is the male sex cell Excretory System How does the organism get rid of wastes and maintain an ionic balance of fluids? Kidneys, intestines, anus Kidneys, intestines, anus None None None Growth and Development Does the organism go through metamorphosis, develop in an egg or uterus, or grow from seeds? Develop in egg Develop in-uterus Spores, not seeds Naked seeds in cones Seeds protected in pods, shells, fruit, and so forth Regulation How does the organism control body processes (hormones, nervous system)? Nervous and endocrine Big brain; well-developed nervous system and endocrine system None Hormones in apical bud, root, and stem Hormones in apical bud, root, stem, and leaves Sample organism Snake Cat Moss Pine Tree Rose

Using the completed data table, answer the following questions:

1. What is common among all samples?
2. All samples utilize sexual reproduction in some form, demonstrating a common reproductive strategy across diverse organisms.
3. What is common among organisms from samples 1, 9, and 10?
4. Samples 1 (Chrysophyta), 9 (Bryophyta), and 10 (Angiosperm) are all autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food via photosynthesis.
5. What is common between the circulatory system of organisms from samples 5, 6, and 7, but different in organisms from sample 4?
6. Samples 5 (Aves), 6 (Reptilians), and 7 (Mammalia) have a closed circulatory system with a four-chambered heart, whereas Sample 4 (Amphibia) has a closed system with a three-chambered heart, indicating evolutionary variation in circulatory efficiency.
7. What is common in the respiratory system of organisms from samples 2 and 4?
8. Both utilize diffusion for gas exchange, with Sample 2 (Annelida) through skin and Sample 4 (Amphibia) through skin and lungs, though adults primarily rely on skin diffusion.
9. What gas is delivered to the respiratory system of organisms from samples 1, 9, and 10? Why?

   Oxygen is delivered through photosynthesis, as these autotrophic organisms produce oxygen as a byproduct, which is essential for aerobic respiration in most life forms.

10. Which organisms are producers?
11. Autotrophic organisms, such as those in Samples 1, 8, 9, and 10, act as producers by synthesizing organic compounds from inorganic substances.
12. Which organisms are decomposers?
13. Heterotrophic organisms like those in Samples 2 (Earthworm), 3 (Arthropoda), 4 (Amphibia), and 5 (Aves) serve as decomposers, breaking down organic matter.
14. Look at the surface of your hand. You will see the skin and hair made up of protein called keratin. From which organisms did humans inherit that protein?

    Humans inherited keratin from mammals, specifically from organisms like Sample 7 (Mammalia), which produce hair and skin made of keratin.

15. Which organisms have blood?

    Heterotrophic organisms such as Sample 2 (Earthworm), 3 (Arthropoda), 4 (Amphibia), 5 (Aves), 6 (Reptilians), and 7 (Mammalia) have circulatory systems that transport blood.

References

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