The Major Court Decision Protecting Juveniles From Unauthori

the Major Court Decision Protecting Juveniles From Unauthorized Sear

The major court decision protecting juveniles from unauthorized searches and seizures was: a. Miranda. b. Mapp v. Ohio. c. In re Gault. d. Brown v. Mississippi.

Discretion is when: a. youths return to crime again and again after being found guilty of their first offense. b. police exercise their ability to choose from alternatives. c. police choose to focus on prevention of crime rather than reacting quickly to an offense.

Victimization studies find that: a. more crime is committed than is reported. b. victimization rates are consistent among demographic groups across the United States. c. juveniles are more likely to be victimized than any other age group. d. both more crime is committed than is reported and juveniles are more likely to be victimized than any other age group.

Juveniles: a. are more likely to be killed in schools than on the streets or at home. b. are about equally likely to be killed in one school as the next. c. in large numbers are the victims of bullying, physical attack, or robbery in the schools. d. are murdered in schools at rates far lower than implied by the media.

The major focus of the Fourteenth Amendment is on standards of: a. search and seizure. b. fairness and due process. c. cruel and unusual punishment. d. freedom of speech and the press.

Larger police units typically deal with juvenile crime: a. enthusiastically since arresting a juvenile is considered a "good" arrest. b. by setting up specialized units and departments to deal with juvenile crime. c. by assigning any patrol officer available to any juvenile case needing attention. d. both by setting up specialized units and departments to deal with juvenile crime and by assigning any patrol officer available to any juvenile case needing attention.

An example of formal processing is a: a. youth given a firm "talking to" on the street. b. youth taken into custody and allowed to leave when he/she asks. c. youth taken into custody and placed in detention until the juvenile prosecutor reviews the case. d. both youth taken into custody and allowed to leave when he/she asks and youth taken into custody and placed in detention until the juvenile prosecutor reviews the case.

Which of the following have/has been found through research? a. Intervention by the juvenile justice system makes youths worse. b. A small group of offenders commit large numbers of crimes. c. Lower class youths tend to be involved in more serious offenses than middle class youths. d. All of the choices apply.

Victimization surveys focus on: a. interviewing hospital emergency room personnel to determine the number of victimizations. b. a national survey of households. c. police data on victims. d. both a national survey of households and police data on victims.

The Uniform Crime Reports are compiled by the: a. International Association of Chiefs of Police. b. Federal Bureau of Investigation. c. National Opinion Research Center. d. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

A consequence of the development of the Central States Juvenile Officer's Association and the International Juvenile Officers Association was an increased recognition in law enforcement of more: a. arrests of offenders. b. help for offenders. c. professional legal training. d. both arrests of offenders and help for offenders.

Critics charge that self-report studies: a. overload their questionnaires with too many serious offenses. b. ask too many questions about minor offenses thereby increasing the incidence of middle-class offenders in self-reported delinquency. c. overlook data provided by the UCR in offense reporting. d. both overload their questionnaires with too many serious offenses and overlook data provided by the UCR in offense reporting.

The police are able to search juveniles when juveniles: a. have waived their rights. b. have consented to the search. c. are presented with a warrant. d. all of the choices apply.

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of "problem oriented policing" a. Grouping crime statistics by type and determining any underlying similarities among the crimes. b. Saturating high crime areas with police cars to guarantee a rapid response to any crimes that occur. c. Determining the causes of delinquent activity and developing prevention programs. d. Both grouping crime statistics by type and determining any underlying similarities among the crimes and determining the causes of delinquent activity and developing prevention programs.

Most police view their primary role as: a. fighting crime. b. preventing crime. c. working with juveniles one on one. d. social workers.

Police may pull a car over: a. whenever they want. b. when the youth's car has a broken taillight. c. when the police have reasonable suspicion that something illegal is occurring. d. both when the youth's car has a broken taillight and when the police have reasonable suspicion that something illegal is occurring.

The police in the early 20th Century began to focus on which of the following to control youth crimes? a. Curbside justice. b. Prevention. c. Community organization. d. Both prevention and community organization.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about juvenile court statistics? They: a. report the overwhelming percentage of the total number of juvenile offenses. b. provide full information on the characteristics of referred juveniles. c. represent only an estimate of the total number of crimes that come before courts. d. are published immediately upon receipt by the government.

The problems of the Uniform Crime Reports include: a. that many crimes are not reported and many offenses never come to the attention of the police. b. police ignore minor violations of law. c. too many juveniles commit offenses as individuals. d. both that many crimes are not reported and many offenses never come to the attention of the police and police ignore minor violations of law.

The Monitoring the Future Project shows that: a. the dramatic increase in drug use that began in the early 1990s is continuing today. b. drug use begins to drop off after age 18. c. drug use peaks at the ages of 16–17. d. both drug use begins to drop off after age 18 and drug use peaks at the ages of 16–17.

Formal factors that influence decision-making at the dispositional stage are: a. the values and philosophy of the judge. b. the social and racial background of the offender. c. the social study investigator. d. both the values and philosophy of the judge and the social and racial background of the offender.

The Juvenile Justice Standards Project recommended that juvenile offenses should be divided into: a. 5 classes, 3 for felonies and 2 for misdemeanors. b. 5 classes, 2 for felonies and 3 for misdemeanors. c. 3 classes, 2 for felonies and 1 for misdemeanors. d. 2 classes, 1 for felonies and 1 for misdemeanors.

Thomas F. Geraghty argues that: a. the juvenile court should be abolished. b. the juvenile court should provide juveniles with more procedural protections. c. adult court will easily adapt to the needs of juveniles. d. none of the choices apply.

The court decision that formalized parens patriae was: a. In re Gault. b. ex parte Crouse. c. In re Winship. d. Kent v. United States.

Youth most likely to be assigned to community programs are: a. racial minorities. b. lower class youths. c. middle class youths. d. ethnic minorities.

In McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the right of juveniles to have jury trials because: a. all rights constitutionally guaranteed to adults are not to be given to juveniles. b. trials could well take away the intimate, informal, protective proceedings. c. nothing prevents judges from using jury trials if they wish. d. all of the choices apply.

Bail is: a. not a form of punishment. b. used to guarantee youths will show up for their hearings. c. used to impress upon the child that a serious crime occurred. d. both not a form of punishment and used to guarantee youths will show up for their hearings.

Critics argue that the juvenile court: a. has not had an effect in reducing or stemming juvenile crime. b. has, as its sole contribution to juvenile justice, brought justice and compassion to youthful offenders. c. has not succeeded in rehabilitating juvenile offenders. d. both has not had an effect in reducing or stemming juvenile crime and has, as its sole contribution to juvenile justice, brought justice and compassion to youthful offenders.

Judges may place youths in: a. adult prisons, training schools, and forestry camps. b. mental hospitals, private clinics, and county jails. c. medium and maximum security training schools. d. all of the choices apply.

Which of these is not a role that defense attorneys play? a. An advocate for the child. b. An assistant to the court with responsibilities to children. c. A guardian or parent surrogate to the child. d. A preliminary hearing referee.

An advantage of a bifurcated hearing is that: a. a judge can decide upon guilt or innocence and impose a sentence at the same time. b. a judge can base his or her sentence on more complete information. c. it eliminates judicial bias totally. d. all of the choices apply.

Many juvenile court judges today are quite concerned about the proposed Justice Standards recommendations because they believe that: a. the standards attack the underlying philosophy and structure of the juvenile court. b. the needs of children will be neglected in the long run. c. it is not possible to treat all children alike. d. all of the choices apply.

An example of one informal sanction is: a. community service in lieu of detention. b. preventive detention as a result of child abuse. c. involuntary probation supervision. d. all of the choices apply.

The most secure facility to which judges can send a youth is the: a. state training school. b. forestry camp. c. detention home. d. day camp.

The kind of modern sentencing structure that allows criminal or juvenile courts to impose either juvenile or adult sentences, or sentences both, is called a(n): a. mandatory sentencing structure. b. blended sentencing structure. c. graduated sentencing structure. d. accountability based sentence structure.

Which of the following is/are an argument(s) for the removal of status offenders from the juvenile court? a. The lack of clarity of the status offenders statutes makes them unnecessarily vague. b. Status offenders are often confined with hard core offenders. c. The processing of offenders is in their best interests. d. Both the lack of clarity of the status offenders statutes makes them unnecessarily vague and status offenders are often confined with hard core offenders.

Critics of the "leniency" of the juvenile court generally would be most concerned if a juvenile were assigned to: a. informal probation. b. formal probation. c. house arrest. d. a juvenile community residential facility.

The Breed v. Jones case dealt with the issue of: a. constitutionality of confession to the police. b. the constitutionality of jury trials. c. double jeopardy. d. "proof beyond a reasonable doubt."

A youth who admits to being on drugs at his or her trial: a. is automatically sentenced to detention. b. is evaluated by the judge to determine whether he or she is too impaired to continue the trial. c. is automatically sent to drug rehabilitation. d. both is automatically sentenced to detention and is evaluated by the judge to determine whether he or she is too impaired to continue the trial.

The youths most likely to stay the longest in juvenile institutions are the: a. sex offenders. b. status offenders. c. violent offenders. d. aggressive offenders.

Paper For Above instruction

The landmark court decision that significantly enhanced the constitutional protections of juveniles against illegal searches and seizures is In re Gault (1967). This case established that juveniles are entitled to many of the due process rights guaranteed to adults under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, including the right to notice of charges, right to counsel, confrontation, and the privilege against self-incrimination. Prior to Gault, juvenile proceedings were often informal and lacked procedural safeguards that are now fundamental to ensuring fairness within juvenile justice. The decision marked a turning point in juvenile law, emphasizing the need for procedural protections comparable to those in adult criminal proceedings and effectively protecting juveniles from unlawful searches and seizures (Sharon, 2019).

Discretion, in the context of juvenile justice, refers to the ability of police and other authorities to choose among different courses of action based on circumstances. Specifically, discretion involves police deciding whether to detain, arrest, or refer juveniles for further intervention. Discretion allows law enforcement officers to exercise judgment, balancing community safety with fairness, although it can sometimes lead to inconsistent applications of justice (Gatti & Piquero, 2007). There is concern, however, that excessive discretion may contribute to disparities in juvenile treatment based on race or socioeconomic status.

Victimization studies reveal that a significant proportion of crimes go unreported, leading to an underestimation of actual victimization levels. These studies consistently find that juveniles are at a higher risk of victimization compared to other age groups, being particularly vulnerable to bullying, physical assault, and robbery in school settings (Finkelhor, 2008). Moreover, the data indicates that overall crime incidence surpasses reported figures, highlighting gaps between victimization experiences and official crime statistics. This discrepancy underscores the importance of victimization surveys in capturing the true extent of youth-related violence and victimization.

Juveniles are involved in multiple forms of victimization, both at school and on the streets. Research indicates that they are disproportionately targeted for violent crimes, with many experiencing bullying, physical attacks, or robberies within school environments. Contrary to some media sensationalism, the rate of youth murder in schools is relatively low, although it remains a concern, especially in urban areas plagued by violence (Karch, 2020). These victimization patterns point to the need for targeted school safety measures and preventive community interventions to protect at-risk youth.

The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution primarily emphasizes standards of fairness, due process, and equal protection of the law. Its application to juvenile justice underscores the importance of ensuring that juveniles receive fair treatment and procedural safeguards during adjudication and disposition processes (Wexler, 2017). Unlike the Fourth Amendment, which focuses on search and seizure, or the Eighth Amendment, which addresses cruel and unusual punishment, the Fourteenth Amendment forms the constitutional backbone of juvenile procedural rights and equal treatment.

To efficiently address juvenile crime, police departments often establish specialized units focused solely on juvenile offenses. These units are tasked with handling cases involving minors, employing strategies tailored to juvenile offenders. Such specialized units facilitate appropriate interventions, including diversion programs and community-based sanctions, aiming to reduce recidivism and promote rehabilitation rather than solely relying on punitive measures (Reppucci & Crozier, 2010). The development of dedicated juvenile units reflects an understanding that juvenile offending requires distinct strategies from adult crime fighting.

Formal processing in juvenile justice involves structured procedures such as youth being taken into custody and presented before a juvenile court for review. For example, when a juvenile is detained and their case is reviewed by a juvenile prosecutor before further disposition, it exemplifies formal processing. This process provides juveniles with procedural protections, including the right to be heard and legal representation, ensuring that their rights are safeguarded throughout the adjudicatory process (Schneider & Ingram, 2014).

Research indicates that a relatively small number of juvenile offenders are responsible for a disproportionate volume of delinquent activity. This phenomenon, known as the "chronic offender" effect, suggests that targeted interventions with these high-rate offenders could significantly curb juvenile crime overall (Laub & Sampson, 2003). Furthermore, studies show that lower socio-economic status is associated with engagement in more serious and violent offenses, emphasizing the intersection between economic disadvantage and delinquency (Rios, 2011).

Victimization surveys predominantly focus on household interviews to gather data on personal victimization experiences. These surveys complement official police reports and provide a more comprehensive picture of youth victimization, including incidents that go unreported to authorities. By capturing data directly from victims, these surveys reveal patterns and risk factors associated with juvenile victimization and inform prevention strategies (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012).

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) compiles the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), an ongoing nationwide effort to collect, analyze, and publish crime data. The UCR is one of the most authoritative sources for crime statistics in the United States and includes various reports such as Part I and Part II crimes, reflecting incidents reported to law enforcement agencies across the country (FBI, 2021). The UCR's data helps policymakers and researchers track trends in juvenile and adult crime over time.

The formation of organizations like the Central States Juvenile Officer's Association and the International Juvenile Officers Association in the mid-20th century increased law enforcement's recognition of juvenile issues as a specialized field. These groups promoted professional development, standardized practices, and coordinated efforts to address juvenile delinquency effectively. Their development marked a shift toward more organized, systematic responses to juvenile crime, emphasizing prevention, intervention, and individualized treatment (Mihalic, 2002).

Self-report studies in juvenile delinquency research involve minors voluntarily disclosing their involvement in delinquent acts. Critics argue these studies sometimes over-represent minor offenses or miss serious offenses, depending on how questionnaires are structured. Misreporting or misunderstanding questions can skew results, and some critics contend that self-report data sometimes inflate juvenile offending rates by including minor misconduct (Thornberry et al., 1994). Nonetheless, self-report surveys remain valuable for capturing offenses that escape formal detection.

Juveniles can be searched legally when they or their guardians give consent, when they waive their rights after being informed, or when authorities have obtained a warrant based on probable cause (Graham & McLaughlin, 2020). Legal standards derived from landmark Supreme Court rulings, such as New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985), affirm that searches of minors in school settings are permissible when justified by reasonable suspicion, balancing individual rights with school safety concerns.

Problem-oriented policing (POP) emphasizes addressing underlying causes of crime and disorder through proactive strategies. Characteristics of POP include analyzing crime data to identify patterns, understanding social and environmental factors contributing to delinquency, and developing targeted prevention programs. The approach moves beyond reactive law enforcement, focusing instead on problem-solving tactics that involve community engagement and