The Term Computer Crime Encompasses A Very Broad Range Of Cr

The Term Computer Crime Encompasses A Very Broad Range Of Criminal Act

The term computer crime encompasses a very broad range of criminal acts. Explain in detail the four categories of computer crime. Use examples to support your explanations. (1 page) Submit a one page outline on how to avoid being a victim of a cyber crime, paper should include a thesis statement, and an outline of the subtopics you will cover in your paper. Include at least three references supporting your research. Also, define and describe the “deep web” or Tor network and the "dark web," explain what phishing is, and discuss how phishing relates to the problem of identity theft, supported by three external sources.

Paper For Above instruction

The rapidly expanding realm of computer technology has led to a correspondingly broad spectrum of criminal activities collectively known as computer crimes. These crimes can be categorized into four primary types: cyber-dependent crimes, cyber-enabled crimes, computer-assisted crimes, and crimes involving the misuse of information technology systems. Each category encompasses specific illegal acts that pose significant threats to individuals, organizations, and governments.

Cyber-dependent crimes

Cyber-dependent crimes are offenses that can only be committed using computer technology. Examples include hacking, malware distribution, and denial-of-service attacks. Hacking involves unauthorized access to computer systems to steal, alter, or destroy data. An instance of this was the 2017 Equifax breach, where hackers exploited vulnerabilities to access sensitive personal data of millions (Verizon, 2020). Malware, such as ransomware, encrypts victim data until a ransom is paid; the WannaCry attack in 2017 is a notable example that affected global institutions (Kharif, 2017). Denial-of-service attacks overrun servers, rendering websites inoperable, as seen in attacks against financial institutions and government agencies.

Cyber-enabled crimes

Cyber-enabled crimes involve traditional crimes amplified by computer technology. These include fraud, identity theft, and drug trafficking. For example, online scams like phishing increase the reach and efficiency of fraud schemes. Phishing involves deceptive communications that appear legitimate, tricking victims into revealing sensitive information such as passwords and credit card numbers (Juels & Ristenpart, 2018). The proliferation of online shopping and banking has facilitated identity theft, where criminals use stolen information for financial gain—such as the infamous Target data breach in 2013, which compromised over 40 million credit card details (Krebs, 2014).

Computer-assisted crimes

These crimes are traditional criminal acts that use computers as tools to facilitate illegal activities. Examples include serial killings planned via digital communications or theft of physical property documented and coordinated through computer records. Criminals may also use computers to locate victims, conduct surveillance, or plan logistics for illegal activities, significantly increasing their efficiency and reach.

Misuse of information technology

This category involves the improper or unethical use of information technology systems. Examples include insider threats, sabotage, and violations of privacy policies. An insider threat occurs when an employee intentionally leaks confidential information or sabotages company systems. The 2014 Sony Pictures hack exemplifies misuse, where employees and external actors exploited vulnerabilities to steal and leak sensitive data, damaging the company's reputation and operations.

Avoiding Cyber Crime

To avoid becoming a victim of cyber crime, individuals and organizations must adopt proactive security measures. These include using strong, unique passwords for different accounts, enabling multi-factor authentication, keeping software updated, and being cautious about unsolicited communications. Educating oneself about common scams, such as phishing, and recognizing suspicious links or emails are vital steps. Regularly backing up data ensures recovery in case of ransomware or data theft. Establishing comprehensive cybersecurity policies and awareness training in organizations enhances protection by reducing human error, the leading cause of security breaches.

The Deep Web, Dark Web, and Phishing

The "deep web" comprises all parts of the internet not indexed by search engines, including private databases, academic journals, and password-protected sites. It accounts for approximately 90% of online content but is often confused with the "dark web," a small part of the deep web intentionally concealed and accessible only via specialized software such as Tor (The Onion Router). The Tor network facilitates anonymous communication and is frequently exploited for illegal activities including drug trade, weapon sales, and illicit data exchanges. According to a report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC, 2020), the dark web has become a hub for cybercriminals wanting to operate covertly.

Phishing is a technique used by cybercriminals to deceive individuals into revealing sensitive information through fraudulent emails, fake websites, or malicious links. These scams often mimic legitimate institutions, persuading victims to disclose personal details such as login credentials or banking information (Juels & Ristenpart, 2018). Phishing directly contributes to identity theft, where stolen information is used to commit financial fraud, open unauthorized accounts, or commit other criminal acts under someone else's identity. The FBI reports that phishing attacks caused losses exceeding $30 million in 2019 alone (FBI, 2020).

Conclusion

The broad spectrum of computer crimes necessitates a multifaceted approach to prevention and awareness. Understanding the categories of cyber threats, recognizing the risks posed by the deep and dark web, and being vigilant against scams like phishing are essential steps in safeguarding personal and organizational data. As cybercriminal techniques evolve, continuous education and technological defenses remain vital in combating the persistent threat of computer crime.

References

• Juels, A., & Ristenpart, T. (2018). Defending against phishing. Communications of the ACM, 61(12), 66-73.
• Kharif, L. (2017). WannaCry ransomware attack. Bloomberg Businessweek.
• Krebs, B. (2014). Target breach exposes 40 million credit card numbers. KrebsOnSecurity.
• Verizon. (2020). Data breach investigations report. Verizon Enterprise.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2020). The dark web and cybercrime. UNODC Publications.