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This frame prevents back forward cache in Safari Top of Form View Offline: Final Exam Final Exam (worth 100 points) TIME LIMIT: 2 hours total, including both parts. The final consists of an essay prompt and a visual identification prompt. · The essay answer should be 550 words or longer. In the essay, you will be expected to refer to the primary source readings assigned for the class (i.e., the original documents from the civilizations and eras we've studied - the textbook is NOT a primary source, so don't rely on it overmuch). · The visual identification answer should be 100 words or longer. Use visual items from lecture slides and the textbook to help you. · This means that your entire exam should be at least 650 words long. You will submit your exam via Turnitin.com - see the Syllabus for information. You should limit your time on the exam to two hours or less. This is honor system-enforced! Please make sure that your answers are well-organized, address all aspects of the prompts, and exhibit good grammar and spelling. Perfection is not expected, as this is a timed test, but do make an effort to create essays that are legible and easy to read. Please use a readable font and double-space! You may use your course textbook, the primary source texts, and class lectures to help you with the test. You may not use any other sources. You may not work with other students on this exam. There is to be NO interaction of any kind with others at any time during the exam. Exam Prompt One - Primary Source-Based Essay (75 points, 550 words plus): Think about the styles of government we have seen represented over the centuries in the western world. Describe the various types of government implemented or imagined (be sure to differentiate between reality and philosophy where appropriate), explain the sources of sovereignty (authority) for each type, and explain how the styles of government reflected the particular values of the eras and civilizations they represented. Pay special attention to how and why ideas of proper government changed. Go chronologically. Use the primary sources to illustrate your points. You must use at least FIVE primary sources to discuss AT LENGTH in your essay. At least two sources must come from the modern era (Renaissance to present). Remember to avoid outside sources: use ONLY materials assigned for the class. When explaining terms or ideas, please use definitions provided in class lectures as your starting point. Most importantly, use the primary sources assigned for the course to illustrate your points. Do NOT fact-dump from the textbook; use your own words to describe how the primary sources illustrate your points. Avoid plot summary and limit quotations to two lines or less. Exam Prompt Two - Visual Identification (25 points, 100 words plus): Use the image below as the basis for your answer. Please tell me what you see in the photograph, naming the basic components of the piece(s) shown and explaining what you think it/they is/are. What is the purpose of the thing you see? What civilization and era do you think is represented? Give rough decade/century estimates based on the info in the lectures and textbook. Is there a particular style or aesthetic represented here? Do elements of the piece seem to combine ideas from different civilizations? Please explain your reasoning, citing pieces and cultural ideas we’ve examined in lecture. You MUST include specific comparison pieces to get credit! Don't just give a page number and move on - name and explain the pieces! Remember, you don't need to specifically identify the real name of the piece that's depicted (e.g. "This is the Temple of Apollo at Didyma" - this is NOT the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, I'm just using an example). I need to see your thought process and the evidence you come up with to back up your assertions. Attachments · final-1.jpg For Units Twenty-One, Twenty-Two, and Twenty-Three , you are required to read: 1. Imperial Russian Letters, photos, and Olga's & Tatiana's "stories" at livadia.org: Grand Duchess Olga | Grand Duchess Tatiana ---- Please note that the above "life stories" were not actually written by Tsar Nikolai II's daughters; they were written by me in first person using facts gleaned from my research. The letters included in the "works" and "letters" sections, however, are authentic, and of their own hands. See also alexanderpalace.org for more information about the last tsar of Russia and his family. 2. D.H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley's Lover , Chapters 1 & 2 . A story about adjusting to life after the Great War (understatement! understatement!). ;) 3. George Orwell, Animal Farm , Chapters 1 & 2 . Written in 1945, Animal Farm is an...interesting...allegory for the Russian revolution. The "Marx" figure and all the key Bolshevik figures are...you guessed it...pigs! 4. 20th century America and the New York World's Fair | Table Of Contents | Next · Bottom of Form false typeEditor

Paper For Above instruction

Throughout history, styles of government have evolved significantly, reflecting the changing values, beliefs, and societal structures of different civilizations. These transformations can be understood through a chronological examination of primary sources, which reveal not only the nature of governance but also the underlying sources of sovereignty and authority, and how these concepts mirrored the era’s ideological landscape.

In ancient Greece, the concept of democracy emerged as a revolutionary form of governance, emphasizing the sovereignty of the populace. Herodotus’s accounts and Pericles’s speeches exemplify early democratic ideas, where authority derived from the collective will of citizens (Herodotus, 5th century BCE). This era valued civic participation and equality among free male citizens, a reflection of Greek ideals of citizenship and political virtue, fundamentally tied to their pursuit of excellence (arete) and harmony in the polis.

Medieval monarchies, such as the divine right kingship exemplified in the English Magna Carta of 1215, marked a shift towards sovereignty rooted in divine authority. Here, the source of power was understood as bestowed by God, with monarchs seen as God’s appointed rulers (Magna Carta, 13th century). The era’s values prioritized order and stability, often emphasizing religious legitimacy over popular consent. The political philosophy during this period reinforced hierarchical structures, limiting the powers of the nobility while centralizing royal authority.

The Enlightenment introduced new ideas challenging divine right, advocating for reason and individual rights, seen in the writings of John Locke. Locke’s social contract theory posited that sovereignty resides with the people, who delegate authority to rulers but retain the right to overthrow them if they violate natural rights (Locke, 17th century). This shift reflected a burgeoning value system emphasizing liberty, individual autonomy, and skepticism of absolute authority, shaping modern notions of constitutional government.

The modern era saw the rise of republicanism and constitutional democracies. The United States Constitution (1787) exemplifies this shift, establishing sovereign power rooted in popular consent and a system of checks and balances. The Federalist Papers defend the idea that sovereignty ultimately rests with the people, and government’s legitimacy derives from their consent (Madison, 1788). These principles highlight the era’s emphasis on liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty, often contrasted with more hierarchical or divine-right models.

Contemporary governmental thought continues to evolve, integrating ideas of rights and sovereignty into complex, often global frameworks. The United Nations and international law reflect a recognition of state sovereignty intertwined with human rights, highlighting a shift towards a more cooperative and rights-based understanding of authority in the 20th and 21st centuries (UN Charter, 1945). This evolution underscores a civilization’s ongoing concern to balance sovereignty with global responsibilities, emphasizing human dignity and collective security.

The changing conceptions of government from ancient Greece to the present illustrate a trajectory from divine and aristocratic authority to popular sovereignty and global cooperation. Primary sources such as Herodotus’s accounts, Magna Carta, Locke’s writings, the U.S. Constitution, and the UN Charter provide vital insights into how authorities derived their legitimacy and how societal values shaped political structures across eras. These transformations reflect evolving ideas of justice, participation, stability, liberty, and human rights, embodying the shifting ideals of civilizations over centuries.

References

• Herodotus. (5th century BCE). Histories.
• The Magna Carta. (1215). English charter.
• Locke, J. (1689). Two Treatises of Government.
• The United States Constitution. (1787).
• United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations.
• Carneiro, R. L. (1981). The Chiefdoms of Madagascar.
• Fukuyama, F. (2014). The Origins of Political Order.
• Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan.
• Montesquieu, C. (1748). The Spirit of the Laws.
• Rousseau, J.-J. (1762). The Social Contract.