Toxic Substances Can Be Described By Their Ability To Cause

Toxic Substances Can Be Described By Their Ability To Cause Unwant

Toxic substances can be described by their ability to cause unwanted health effects. Which of the following statements best describes risk? a. Probability that a hazard will occur with specific exposure conditions b. Weighing the various policy options and selecting the most appropriate regulatory action c. A statistically derived probability that an adverse effect will occur at a defined exposure level d. Capacity of a substance to cause an adverse effect in a specific target organ

The stages in Longest's policy-making systems model are similar to those in the ___ model commonly used in public health planning. a. socioecological model b. logic model c. PRECEDE-PROCEED model d. health belief model

Socioeconomic status is a social determinant of health that is directly influenced by all of the following except a. educational attainment b. occupational position c. financial income d. race and ethnicity

Regarding a case-control design, all of the following are accurate, except a. Recall bias is a potential problem b. It is possible to have multiple comparison groups c. Disease rates are compared for subjects with the factor of interest and for those without the factor of interest d. The proportion of cases with exposure is compared to the proportion of controls with the exposure e. The odds ratio is the measure of association

The following data are ages at death in years for a sample of people who were all born in the same year: 11, 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54 55,55,58, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 72, 74, 76, 76, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86. What is the mean age at death for these data? a. 55 years b. 62.8 years c. 67.5 years d. 70 years

This test is used to compare the means from two or more independent groups a. Chi-square b. One-sample t-test c. Paired t-test d. ANOVA

“The proportion of public health employees with formal training in public health" is a performance measure addressing system ... a. capacity b. processes c. outcomes d. outputs

A study investigated the effects of silicone breast implants used during the 1990s and subsequent development of rheumatoid arthritis among women exposed during their reproductive years. Scientists used hospital data from the study area to trace and contact subjects to participate in the study. Screening consisted of sed rate, rheumatoid factor, and physical exam. An estimate of silicone exposure was determined by reviewing the surgical reports and subsequent patient history. As a result of screening, 27 subjects were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following terms is most appropriate to describe the cases of rheumatoid arthritis identified during the first screening in this study? a. interval b. prevalent c. recurrent d. incident

Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding behavioral interventions? a. Maintaining behavior over time is a greater challenge b. Short-term changes in behavior are encouraging, but improved health outcomes often require prolonged interventions and follow-up c. Behavioral interventions are solely designed to potentiate risky behaviors d. Behavioral interventions can successfully teach new behaviors

A community-based study of a program to increase physical activity is conducted, and the findings are evaluated. A small p-value with an estimate is reported. Which of the following is the best interpretation of this result? a. It is unlikely the estimate differs from the null value because of random variability b. It is likely the estimate differs randomly and systematically from the norm c. It is unlikely the estimate differs from the average because of chance d. It is likely the estimate differs from the true value because of bias

Which individual developed the sophistication system for medical conditions that provided the foundation for today's international Classification of Diseases? a. William Farr b. Edward Jenner c. John Graunt d. John Snow

Exercise programs for weight loss are frequently used as an obesity intervention. These efforts may incorporate social and environmental measures, including public service announcements and total well-being. The health behavior model that best describes this approach is a. Transtheoretical Model b. Health Belief Model c. Social Support Model d. Ecologic Model e. Information, Motivation, and Skill Building Model

What is the most abundant pollutant found in urban air? a. nitrogen dioxide b. hydrocarbons c. sulfur dioxide d. carbon monoxide e. ozone

Which of the following elements is characterized by a gaseous biogeochemical cycle? a. Carbon b. Iron c. Calcium d. Phosphorus

A pilot study is conducted to examine a 12-week weight management program. Twelve overweight participants were enrolled, and weight was recorded before and after the program. Investigators plan to use a paired t-test to examine whether the program was effective. Which of the following are the degrees of freedom for this paired t-test? a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d.

Primary prevention of disease is best described as a. early detection and treatment of disease b. control of causal factors of disease c. increasing host resistance to disease d. Control of acute disease

The following data are ages at death in years for a sample of people who were all born in the same year: 11, 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54 55, 55, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 72, 74, 76, 76, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86. What is the mean age at death for these data? a. 55 years b. 62.8 years c. 67.5 years d. 70 years

No Question 19. If a pesticide label indicates the product is "EPA-registered"; what does this mean in practical terms? a. Use of the product according to label directions will not harm the environment b. It has been proven effective at killing target pests c. It has been tested and proven safe to use according to label instructions d. The product is legal to sell and use in the United States

The following data are ages at death in years for a sample of people who were all born in the same year: 11, 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54 55, 55, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 72, 74, 76, 76, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86. What is the median age at death for these data? a. 62.8 years b. 67 years c. 67.5 years d. 68 years

Which of the following illustrates the influence of policy in behavior change? a. Raising tobacco taxes b. Company's reduction in cigarette pricing c. Restriction of advertising and promotion d. A and C only e. None of the above

In 1842, Edwin Chadwick published the General Report on the Sanitary Condition of the laboring Population of Great Britain. An important part of his report included a. the creation of local sanitary boards b. description of the prevalence of disease among foreign laborers in the U.K. c. recommendation to teach personal and public health principles to children in the schools d. plans for the establishment of the first school of public health & hygiene

Which foodborne disease has the most rapid time of onset following consumption of the tainted food item, with symptoms generally appearing 2-7 hours after eating? a. Campylobacter infections b. Staphylococcus intoxications c. Listeriosis d. Salmonellosis

The US and other countries are seeing a strong push for evidence-based practice in health care. Evidence-based medicine is meant to: a. Ensure better and maintain acceptable medical outcomes through the adherence to specific treatment and practice guidelines b. Ensure better and more equitable medical outcomes through the adherence to specific treatment and practice guidelines c. Ensure better and more equitable medical outcomes through the creative application of specific treatment and practice guidelines d. None of these are correct

In reference to ranges of tolerance for limiting factors, which of the following population groups is most sensitive to adverse environmental conditions? a. Males b. Babies and young children c. The elderly d. Females

Who was Thomas Malthus? a. Population biologist who formulated the S-curve from his experiments on paramecia b. Chairman of the Presidential Commission on World Hunger who warned that international tensions due to food shortages could lead to armed conflict c. British economist who warned that population growth will always outstrip food supply d. Research chemist whose work led to the development of oral contraceptives e. The 'Father of the Green Revolution’

What is considered to represent the single most frequent cause of lead poisoning among American children? a. eating vegetables grown in lead-contaminated soil b. eating lead-contaminated seafood c. swallowing paint chips or paint dust d. drinking water from lead-containing plumbing system e. inhalation of emissions from city incinerators

The sharp increase in skin cancer rates during the past few decades in the U.S. has largely been attributed to excess exposure to: a. ultraviolet light b. infrared waves c. visible light d. microwaves e. alpha radiation

Which of the following is (are) method(s) of depicting frequency distribution? a. Histograms b. Stem and leaf c. Boxplots d. Quartiles e. All the above

Identifying national health improvement priorities is a. one of the social determinants of health b. one of the management competencies of leadership. c. an assessment function of public health. d. a part of the World Health Organization's perspective on systems thinking. e. part of the mission of Healthy People.

In a box-and-whisker plot, the upper edge of the box represents a. The maximum b. The 3rd quartile c. The minimum d. The median e. The 1st quartile

Which of the following mold toxins is a hepatotoxin and has been associated with carcinogenesis? a) Aflatoxin b) Citrinin c) Ochraloxins d) Trichothecenes e) All the above

A dataset with a higher median relative to the mean suggests that the distribution a. is skewed to the left b. is skewed to the right c. cannot be evaluated for statistical significance d. is biased

Community constituencies of a local health department (LHD) include a. the land mass in the geographic region served by the LHD b. public school teachers in the local school district c. laws and policies governing the county d. all of the above

The limit at which a given environment can support a population is referred to as that environment's a. Environmental resistance b. Carrying capacity c. Homeostatic control d. Biotic potential

Organizational commitment typically involves the following three factors a. Belief in the goals and values of the organization, unwillingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and desire to continue work with the organization b. Belief in the goals and values of the organization, willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and desire to do the minimum for the organization c. Belief in the goals and values of the organization, willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and desire to continue work with the organization d. Non-belief in the goals and values of the organization, willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization

Which individual was responsible for the investigation of the 1849 Cholera epidemic in London? a. John Snow b. John Graunt c. Edward Jenner d. William Farr

Place in chronological order the following HR activities a. job description, recruiting, job analysis, performance appraisal b. job analysis, recruiting, job description, performance appraisal c. recruiting, job description, performance appraisal, job analysis d. job analysis, job description, recruiting, performance appraisal

Molds are biological pollutants associated and are commonly linked to health issues in the United States. Which of the following conditions may be described as mold related? a. Airway and conjunctival irritation b. Hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma c. Infections due to immunologic effects d. A and B only e. All the above

As an epidemiologist, you are going to investigate the effect of a new IV drug suspected of causing neoplasms when used to treat a particular type of common infection in the emergency room setting. As your sample, you will use the next 200 patients treated for this infection. For each case of the infection, a medication history will be taken from the patient and the treating physician; in addition, you will review medical records. The patients are followed prospectively during their entire course. The resultant data are: Forty patients received the suspected drug, with 35 developing neoplasms. Ten others treated with a different medication developed neoplasms. What is the relative risk between exposure to the drug and the neoplasm? a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16

Assuming a researcher published a paper rejecting a null hypothesis at the 1% level of significance (alpha = 0.01), a. The finding may not be significant since it was not tested at an alpha level of 0.05 b. You can also reject the null hypothesis at 5% level since alpha 0.01 is more stringent c. You cannot make any assumptions about the alpha at 5% without first calculating the value from the published data d. It is 5 times as likely the null hypothesis would be accepted at 0.05 level

The hypothesis test is used to assess observed frequencies for goodness of fit to a normal distribution a. Chi-square b. Paired t-test c. ANOVA d. One-sample t-test

What is the unit for measuring intensity of sound (loudness of a noise)? a. pitch b. hertz c. decibel d. amplitude e. frequency

Ethnic minorities tend to be disproportionately affected and bear the burden of disease. Which of the following demographic variations may explain the observed burden of morbidity and mortality of Blacks in the US relative to Whites? a. Income b. Education c. Occupation d. A and C only e. All of the above

Health is strongly affected by biology but is also linked to other determinants of health. Which of the following determinants contributes the greatest to overall health? a. social and economic factors b. Clinical care c. physical environment d. health behaviors

The following data are ages at death in years for a sample of people from the same year: 11, 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54 55, 55, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67, 68, 68, 69, 70, 70, 72, 74, 76, 76, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86. What is the interquartile range for these data? a. 75 years b. 67.5 years c. 29 years d. 20.5 years

A major health insurance company is considering nationwide implementation of a biomarker-based colon cancer screening test in two regions. Region A has sensitivities of 73%, specificities of 86%. Region B has sensitivities of 84%, specificities of 97%. What is the most likely cause of the difference? a. The prevalence of disease is different b. The disease is detected earlier in one region c. Length-biased sampling has occurred d. The test was not administered similarly

Scripturally, we are meant to. a. Make the most of the environment without regard to the consequences b. Dominate the environment like a conquering army c. Assume environment will be exhausted d. Be guardians and protectors of the environment

Secondary prevention of disease is best described as a. control of causal factors b. early detection and treatment c. control of chronic symptoms d. decreasing exposure to agents

The core public health functions of Assessment, Policy Development, & Assurance were originally published by the a. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services b. Institute of Medicine c. American Public Health Association d. U.S. Public Health Service e. World Health Organization