Transportation Economics Math Tutorial Guide Problem

TLMT601 Transportation Economicsmath Tutorial Guide Problem Exampl

TLMT601-Transportation Economics Math Tutorial Guide Problem Examples Transportation Demand, Statistical Analysis of Economic Relations, Vehicle Operating Costs & Interest Calculation, Box Model, & Programming Problems Trip Adjustment Factor In trip calculation, it is observed that a Wal-Mart store driver successfully made a total of 104 trips in a given period of time. During field calculation, it is shown that the calculated number of trips is actually 128. What is the value of the trip adjustment factor? Answer: Kij=Tij(observed)/Tij(calculated) Kij = adjustment factor Tij(observed) = 104 Tij(calculated) = 128 Kij= 104/128 Kij = .8125 ‹#› Travel Demand ‹#› Linear Aggregate Demand Elasticity can be defined as percentage change in demand for a 1% change in decision attribute. For linear aggregate demand, what is the mathematical representation/formula for this statement? You must define the parameters you choose to use for this answer. Answer: x = mode type, trip purpose, time of day, trip length, trip-maker characteristics, existing level of factor V = the point elasticity of travel demand ‹#› Arc Elasticity of Vehicle Traffic In the City of Joplin, due to weather devastation and hurricane effects, the cost of parking in the local Square has increased by 20%. This change has not only reduced the number of vehicles that travel to the Square by 5%, but it has also forced the inhabitants of Joplin to use buses. Bus trips have therefore increased to 20%. With respect to the cost of parking in the local Square, determine the elasticity of vehicle traffic. Answer: initial parking price = p1 final parking price =p2=1.20p1 initial transit demand = Vt1 final transit demand=Vt2=1.20Vt1 initial auto demand =Va1 final auto demand=Va2=.95Va1 eTP=(Va2-Va1)(p1+p2)/2/(p2-p1)(Va1+Va2)/2 =(.95Va1-Va1)(p1+1.20p1)/2/{(1.2p1-p1)(Va1+.95Va1)/2} = -.28205 ‹#› Arc Elasticity of Bus Traffic In the City of Joplin, due to weather devastation and hurricane effects, the cost of parking in the local Square has increased by 20%. This change has not only reduced the number of vehicles that travel to the Square by 5%, but it has also forced the inhabitants of Joplin to use buses. Bus trips have therefore increased to 20%. With respect to the cost of parking in the local Square, determine the elasticity of bus transit. Answer: initial parking price = p1 final parking price =p2=1.20p1 initial transit demand = Vt1 final transit demand=Vt2=1.20Vt1 initial auto demand =Va1 final auto demand=Va2=.95Va1 eTP=(Vt2-Vt1)(p1+p2)/2/(p2-p1)(Vt1+Vt2)/2 =(1.20Vti-Vti)(p1+1.2p1)/2/{(1.20p1-p1)(Vt1+1.20Vt1)/2} =1 ‹#› Average Cost In your own words, describe the meaning of average cost. You normally buy a crate of wine for $75. One crate has 6 bottles of wine. After a month, the store clerk informs you that the same crate of wine now costs $82. However, there are 7 bottles in a crate. To the nearest cent, determine the average cost of the crate from last month to now. (20 points) Average Costs: The average total cost, ATC, is the total cost associated with 1 unit of output. It is calculated as the ratio of the total cost to the output: ATC = TC /V , where TC is the total cost and V is the volume (output). The average fixed cost, AFC, is the fixed cost associated with 1 unit of output and is calculated as the ratio of the fixed cost to the output, AFC = FC /V . Similarly, the average variable cost is the cost of 1 unit of output and is calculated as the ratio of the variable cost to the output, AVC = VC /V . The concept of average costs is useful in the economic evaluation of transportation system improvements because it helps assess the cost impacts of improvements at a given supply level. Answer: 75/6=$12.50 per bottle 82/7=$11.71 per bottle 12.50-11.71= .79 difference in bottle cost 75-82=-7, or a case has increased in cost by $7.00 ‹#› Marginal Cost In your own words, describe the meaning of marginal cost. You normally buy a crate of wine for $75. One crate has 6 bottles of wine. After a month, the store clerk informs you that the same crate of wine now costs $82. However, there are 7 bottles in a crate. To the nearest cent, determine the marginal cost for one additional bottle of wine now. (20 points) Marginal Cost: The marginal cost of a transportation good or service is the incremental cost of producing an additional unit of output. The terms of incremental cost, differential cost, and marginal cost have essentially similar meaning but typically are used in contexts that have very subtle differences. Incremental cost is a small increase in cost. Differential cost is the ratio of a small increment of cost to a small increase in production output. Marginal cost analysis is relevant in transportation system evaluation because an agency may seek the incremental cost changes in response to planned or hypothetical production of an additional unit of output with respect to facility construction, preservation, or operations. Marginal cost and average cost can differ significantly. For example, suppose that an agency spends $10 million to build a 10-mile highway and $10.5 million to build a similar 11-mile highway, the average costs are $1 million and $0.954 million, respectively, but the marginal cost of the additional mile is $0.5 million. The expressions related to marginal cost are as follows: Marginal variable cost: MVC = ∂ VC ∂V Marginal total cost: MTC = ∂ TC ∂V = ∂ FC ∂V + ∂ VC ∂V = ∂ VC ∂V = MVC Like average cost, marginal cost concepts help an agency or shipper to evaluate the cost impacts of various levels of output or the additional cost impact of moving from a certain output level to another. Answer: 12.50-11.71= .79 difference in bottle cost 75-82=-7 or a case has increased in cost by $7.00 ‹#› Unit Travel In your own words, describe the meaning of unit travel. When traveling on a Greyhound bus, without intervention or obstruction, it is important to determine the unit travel time. If you leave Cleveland in a bus full of 24 passengers and arrive Cincinnati in 3 hours, what will be the average unit travel time in person minutes? (20 points) Unit travel: Unit in-vehicle travel time per traveler, U 1 = OCC à— TT V where TT V is the average vehicular operating travel time and OCC is the average vehicle occupancy. In cases where the travel speeds of trucks and other commercial vehicles are significantly different from passenger vehicles, separate travel time estimates should be made for each vehicle class. Answer: Assuming that 24 passengers include me, the average unit travel time will be 24 x 180 = 4320 without interruption. 3 hours = 180 minutes multiplied by 24 passengers. ‹#› Vehicle Operating Cost Vehicle costs are direct expenses that include the fixed and variable costs of ownership. These variable costs are typically referred to as the Vehicle Operating Costs, or VOC. These costs vary based on use and are normally expressed in cents per mile. VOC savings are based on transportation improvements that result in reduced VOCs compared to an established baseline cost. ‹#› Hepburn’s VOC Speed Model Example: In Hepburn’s Speed Model, the coefficients of vehicles are indicated for C and D. As the chief of operations in your organization, you are responsible for presenting the yearly budget for the semi trucks in your company’s inventory. Since your safety officer is insisting that each of your drivers must maintain an average speed of 55mph, what would be the vehicle operating cost of your company for each semi-truck in cent per mile? Answer: VOC = a0 – a1S + a2S2 VOC = 38.1 - (0.093 X 55) + (0.00033 X 552) VOC = 38.1 – (5.115) + (0.99825) VOC = 33.9833 Variables Source: ‹#› Change in Fuel for delay Example: A taxi driver plans to pick you up at the airport and drop you off at the bank so you can complete some financial transaction before you head home. He notes that the change in vehicle operating cost (VOC) is 42 cents per mile. Given that his fuel consumption per minute is 0.2, what is the approximate price of fuel for this given arrangement if you delayed the driver for 48 minutes at the bank? (See p. 164) Answer: Change in fuel VOC = g(d0-d1)p VOC = Vehicle Operating Cost = 42 cents/mile g= fuel consumption per minute = 0.2 D0-D1 = change in delay = 48 minutes p = price of fuel 42 = 0.2 (48) p p = 42/0.2(48) p = 42/9.6 p = $4.375 = $4.38 ‹#› Simple Interest Example: The simple interest for buying a passenger transit rail is shown as the product of the principle amount (P), time (in years), and annual rate (R). The City of Phoenix plans to buy five additional mass transit cars for $15 million, and pay off its loan in 10 years. What would the annual percentage rate be if the city plans to make an interest payment of $2 million? Answer: The formula needed is i = (p)(10(r) or r = i/(p)(t) i= interest paid = $2 million p = principal loan = $15 million t = time = 10 years r = 2M/(15M x 10) r = 1.33% is the interest rate. ‹#› Air Quality: Box Model #1 (Maximum Distance) In a pollutant dispersion or box model, solve for the maximum distance for particle transport across a city (shown as D). If the approximate length of one side is 40 miles, width is 28 miles and the mixing height is 2miles, to the nearest mile what will be this distance? (See Sinha and Labi, 2007, p. 266) Answer: The box model assumes a uniform distribution of pollutants within a space. The problem asks us to solve for the maximum distance across the box. The formula for solving for the maximum distance: Max distance =D= √(a^2+b^2+H^2 ) The variables in this equation are: D= Maximum distance = variable we are solving for a= length= 40 miles b= width= 28 miles H=mixing height= 2 miles Solving for D: D= √(a^2+b^2+H^2 ) D= √(〖40〗^2+〖28〗^2+2^2 )= D= √(1600+784+4)= D= √2388= 48.867 miles The problem asks for D to the nearest mile therefore: D= 49 miles ‹#› Air Quality: Box Model #2 (Max. Transp. Time) In a pollution dispersion or box model, solve for the maximum transport time across the box. If the approximate length of one side is 40 miles, width is 28 miles and the mixing height is 2miles. For a pollutant particle emitted on one side of the town, what is the maximum time it will take to be transported across the city with wind velocity of 8 miles per hour (to the nearest hour)? (See Sinha and Labi, 2007, p. 266) Answer: The box model assumes a uniform distribution of pollutants within a space. The problem asks us to solve for the maximum transport time across the box. The formula for solving for the maximum distance (Sinha and Labi, 2007, p. 266) is: Max distance =D= √(a^2+b^2+H^2 ) The formula for solving maximum transport time is: tmax= (distance )/speed=d/v= (√(a^2+b^2+H^2 ) )/(v ) The variables in this equation are: D= Maximum distance = solved for in problem a= 49 miles a= length= 40 miles b= width= 28 miles H=mixing height= 2 miles V= 8 miles/ hour Since we solved for D and found it to be 49 miles in problem A, I can use the simple formula to solve. tmax= (distance )/speed=d/v=(49 miles )/(8 miles per hour)= 6.125 hours The problem calls for the maximum time it will take to be transported across the city to be rounded to the nearest hour. tmax= 6 hours ‹#› Air Quality: Box Model #3 (Average Time) ‹#› Air Quality: Box Model #3 cont. ‹#› Noise Impact Analysis ‹#› Noise Impact Analysis cont. The Math involved: SPL(db) = 10 log 10 (p2 / po2) This is not a math class, nor does it have math prerequisites. As such, to help solve the equation, go to the following link for assistance in providing the math steps: https:// Then, input the formula with the new variables here (see at right): This calculator will provide the Correct math steps, if the formula Is entered correctly. ‹#› Ecological Impact: Diversity of Species ‹#› Ecological Impact: Diversity of Species cont. ›#› A M ER ICAN PUBLIC U N IVE RS I T Y SY ST EM (0.05) 2.20 =(0.11) /2.00 =(0.06) /0.20 =-0..20 *1.95 =0.39 /2.00 =0.20 Could you write two security polices in “NarTech†(assumed) Organization? The first one is an e-mail policy for employees concentrating on personal use of company resources. The second policy is that of WIFI and Internet use within the company. There are many resources available on the web so researching these topics and policies should be easy. The most difficult part of this exercise will be determining how strict or how lenient you want to make these policies for this particular company. Project Plan You are asked to create two separate policies on use of EMAIL and a WIFI/INTERNET USE within the company. Be specific in your terms and conditions of use. Consider these items to be included in your policies (as applicable). 1. Overview 2. Purpose 3. Scope 4. Policy 5. Policy Compliance 6. Related Standards, Policies and Processes 7. Definitions and Terms Some useful links and resources for your research: ABBREVIATED TITLE (No more than 50 letters and spaces) 3 Title Your Name Class, Section, Term American Public University Professor Date Your Title Goes Here You begin your paper or case study here. Your work should be Times New Roman, 12 pt, all black (no other colors), and double spaced APA 6th Edition formatted. Quotes over 40 words are to be blocked off. You can find more information on APA at for a very good video. References Finally, the reference page. The reference page has the word appears at the top of the page centered. Also, the reference page has double space entries and there is a hanging ½ inch hanging indention on the 2nd and proceeding lines.

Paper For Above instruction

The following paper develops comprehensive security policies for NarTech, an assumed organization, focusing on email use for employees' personal activities and guidelines for Wi-Fi and internet usage within the company. These policies aim to protect organizational assets, ensure employee accountability, and promote responsible use of technology resources while balancing operational efficiency and privacy concerns.

Email Policy for Employees

1. Overview: The purpose of this email policy is to establish clear expectations regarding the personal use of company email resources. While employees are encouraged to use email for legitimate business purposes, personal use should be limited to occasional and non-intrusive activities that do not interfere with work duties.

2. Purpose: This policy aims to ensure security, maintain professionalism, and optimize organizational productivity by regulating email usage, preventing misuse, and safeguarding sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure.

3. Scope: The policy applies to all employees, contractors, and authorized personnel who utilize NarTech's email systems for communication within or outside the organization.

4. Policy: Employees are permitted to use company email for personal communication occasionally, provided that such use is not excessive, confidential, or disruptive. All email communications must comply with applicable laws, organizational policies, and ethical standards. The organization reserves the right to monitor email activity to ensure compliance, without infringing on employee privacy rights except where prohibited by law.

5. Policy Compliance: Violations of this policy may result in disciplinary action, including termination, legal action, or other appropriate measures. Employees should report any suspicious or inappropriate email activity to the IT department immediately.

6. Related Standards, Policies, and Processes: This policy complements NarTech’s IT security policy, data protection standards, and confidentiality agreements.

7. Definitions and Terms: Personal use: Activities that are not related to official work duties; Monitoring: Organizational review of email activities to ensure adherence to policies.

Wi-Fi and Internet Use Policy

1. Overview: This policy provides guidelines for responsible and secure use of Wi-Fi and internet resources