Unit III Assignment: Read Two Scenarios And Answer Each Ques ✓ Solved

Unit III Assignment: Read two scenarios and answer each ques

Unit III Assignment: Read two scenarios and answer each question under them.

Scenario #1

A truck driver drives 500 miles per day, up to 11 hours driving, 14 hours total work, and must rest 10 hours per 24. 500 miles in 11 hours requires average 45.5 mph. Driver must stop for fuel, food, bathroom. The truck has satellite monitoring (miles, speed, fuel flow, time).

Questions:

1. Use the Iowa Model (page 270 of the textbook) to make recommendations for improving drivers' performance:

a. Give three examples of combining tasks to improve efficiency.

b. Recommend a sequence of tasks to maintain accuracy and productivity.

c. Discuss pacing—how much time the driver should spend on each task.

2. As an ergonomics safety professional, how might you help prevent common CTDs (low back pain, sciatica, thoracic outlet syndrome)? Consider analysis and body measurements and name which technique from chapter 6 you would use to capture and interpret data. (>=150 words)

3. Because the driver is paid by the mile and must travel 500 miles per day, list several dangerous behaviors drivers might use to meet production that safety professionals should watch for. (>=150 words)

Scenario #2

Racing teams (NASCAR, IndyCar, Formula One) use routines and tools to advance the team and keep members safe. Crew chiefs monitor fuel, tires, pressure, engine diagnostics, etc.

Questions:

1. Watch race footage and describe safety tools used to prevent injury in the pit area, specifically for the fueler, tire changer, and tire wrangler. Also note ergonomic tools. (>=150 words)

2. While viewing the driver in the car, identify safety devices and ergonomic devices that allow the driver to turn at high speeds without injury. Discuss in terms of body measurements and modeling. (>=150 words)

3. Discuss ways the crew chief could use analysis, measurement, modeling, and sampling to evaluate the pit crew. As a safety professional, give one or two suggestions to improve crew safety. (>=150 words)

Unit I Assignment: Carter's Material Handling Equipment Company (summary)

Carter's is a small manufacturer (38–55 employees) in an 80,000 sq ft facility producing cantilever racks, hand trucks, and dollies. Operations: receiving (forklifts), metal fabrication (press brakes, punches, shears, grinders, drill presses), welding (12 MIG machines, grinders, torches), painting (solvent wiping, overhead conveyor, enamels with xylenes and toluene), assembly and shipping (overhead crane, forklifts). Noise in fabrication >85 dB at times. Recent OSHA 300 log: 8 cuts, 1 eye injury (15 lost days), 6 back strains (2 days each), 4 minor burns. Workforce demographics: mixed ages and genders; some Spanish speakers in shipping. Work schedule 7 AM–4 PM, weekdays; overtime in summer. Task: Identify 10 OSHA training requirements from OSHA Publication R2015 that apply to Carter's operations. List them in order of priority, specify department(s) for each training, and provide a brief rationale for each.

Paper For Above Instructions

Scenario 1 — Iowa Model recommendations for the long-haul driver

Applying the Iowa Model (problem identification, evidence review, pilot change, implementation, evaluation) to the 500-mile/day driver yields targeted, practical recommendations that balance productivity and safety (Iowa Model approach adapted). Three examples of combining tasks to improve efficiency: (1) Combine fuel and scheduled rest breaks by locating refueling stops that coincide with mandatory off-duty time, reducing extra stops; (2) Combine vehicle inspections with fueling (pre-trip checks while standing at the pump) to reduce duplicated stops; (3) Combine delivery paperwork with mandated breaks by using mobile ELD/tablet checklists during stationary breaks to avoid paperwork time while driving. These reduce non-driving idle time without pressuring driving time (OSHA, 2015).

Recommended task sequence to maintain accuracy and productivity: (1) Pre-trip vehicle systems check (15–20 minutes) and route review; (2) Depart and maintain cruise/eco-driving; (3) At first scheduled stop (after ~3–4 hours driving), perform fueling + quick inspection + log update + 30–45 minute rest; (4) Continue driving segment (~3–4 hours) with micro-breaks for restroom/stretch (5–10 minutes every 2 hours); (5) Final fueling/inspection and paperwork on arrival. This sequence minimizes context switching, uses rest periods for non-driving tasks, and preserves driving focus.

Pacing recommendations: allocate driving blocks of 3–4 hours interspersed with 30–45 minute off-duty breaks (consistent with required 10-hour rest per 24). Short “micro-breaks” of 5–10 minutes every 2 hours reduce fatigue and musculoskeletal strain (NIOSH, 2012). Limit in-cab task duration (e.g., ELD/paperwork) to stop times only; avoid cognitive tasks while driving. Use satellite-monitoring data to audit average speeds and stop durations and to design feasible schedules.

Scenario 1 — Ergonomics interventions to prevent CTDs

Preventing low back pain, sciatica and thoracic outlet syndrome in drivers requires both ergonomic changes and measurement-based interventions. Begin with anthropometric assessment (seat pan depth, lumbar support height, reach to controls) and postural analysis using video-based observation and time-motion sampling (chapter 6 techniques like direct observation, video sampling, and digital human modeling) (Bridger, 2008). Use sit–stand and in-cab pressure-mapping to evaluate seat support and contact pressure, and surface electromyography (sEMG) during representative driving tasks to identify sustained muscle activation patterns associated with low-back loading. Combine these with inclinometry to measure trunk angles over trips and use digital human modeling software to simulate reach and posture (Pheasant & Haslegrave, 2006).

Interventions: provide adjustable lumbar support, seat suspension tuning, and adjustable steering column to reduce awkward shoulder/neck postures. Train drivers on optimized seat posture and micro-stretch routines to reduce nerve compression (thoracic outlet) and gluteal/hamstring stretches to mitigate sciatica. Data capture via video sampling and sEMG plus anthropometry allows objective before/after comparisons (Chapter 6 techniques), enabling targeted seat redesign or control repositioning.

Scenario 1 — Dangerous production-driven behaviors

When paid by the mile, drivers may adopt risky behaviors: exceeding speed limits to maintain daily mileage; reducing or skipping legally mandated rest breaks (HOS violations); driving while fatigued; using handheld devices to speed up logging; aggressive passing or unsafe lane changes; failing to secure loads to save time; manipulating satellite or ELDs to hide violations; and performing maintenance while in unsafe locations. Each behavior increases crash risk, equipment damage, and cumulative musculoskeletal load. Safety professionals should monitor ELD and satellite timestamps for unusually short stops, excessive average speeds, inconsistent duty cycles, and abrupt driving patterns. Implementing incentive structures tied to safety metrics (on-time + safe driving) reduces per-mile pressure (OSHA, 2015; NIOSH, 2012).

Scenario 2 — Pit-area safety tools and ergonomics

Pit crews use specialized PPE and engineered tools: fire-retardant suits, helmets with visors, neck protection for fuelers, and gloves for tire changers. Fuelers often use grounding systems, dry-break couplings, and automatic shutoffs to eliminate spills and contact with fuel (NASCAR safety guidance). Tire changers and tire wranglers use pneumatic impact guns with torque-limiting settings, quick-release wheel-nuts, wheel tethers, and air jacks that minimize manual lifting. Ergonomic measures include choreographed team positioning, anti-fatigue matting where applicable, and tool design that reduces wrist torque and vibration exposure. These reduce acute injury risk (crush, burns, fuel fires) and repetitive strain (SAE/NASCAR reports).

Scenario 2 — Driver safety devices and ergonomic design

Modern race drivers benefit from integrated safety systems: HANS (head and neck support) devices limit head excursion and reduce basal skull fractures (FIA guidance); energy-absorbing seats and custom-molded seat shells support the spine and distribute load; six-point harnesses restrain torso forces; helmets with optimized padding reduce acceleration transfer; and cockpit surrounds and lateral head supports reduce lateral head/neck motion during sustained high-g cornering. Ergonomic steering wheels (paddle shifters, optimized grip diameter) and bespoke pedal spacing reduce repetitive reach and force. Body measurements (custom anthropometry) and digital human modeling are used to create the seat and restraint geometry that maintain neutral spinal posture under sustained lateral G-forces (Bridger, 2008; FIA, 2019).

Scenario 2 — Crew chief evaluation and safety suggestions

Evaluation methods: time-motion analysis (video frame-by-frame), cycle-time sampling, statistical process control of pit segments, motion-capture to identify unnecessary movements, and biomechanical modeling to quantify loads on key joints. Sampling should include random in-race and practice pit stops to capture variability. Recommendations: (1) Implement structured micro-training with video feedback and motion analysis to eliminate wasted motions; (2) introduce ergonomic tool audits (vibration, torque) and ensure routine tool maintenance to reduce operator exertion and unexpected tool behavior. These reduce injury risk and improve repeatable performance (OSHA, 2015).

Unit I — Carter’s: Ten prioritized OSHA training requirements and rationale (summary)

Below is a prioritized list (summary): 1) Machine guarding training (Fabrication) — guards reduce amputations/cuts (1910.212). 2) Lockout/Tagout (Maintenance/Fabrication) — prevents unexpected energy release (1910.147). 3) Powered Industrial Truck training (Receiving/Shipping) — forklifts present high injury risk (1910.178). 4) Hazard Communication (All) — solvents/paints require SDS knowledge (1910.1200). 5) Respiratory Protection (Painting/Welding) — solvent fumes and welding fumes (1910.134). 6) Hearing Conservation (Fabrication) — noise >85 dB (1910.95). 7) Welding and Hot Work safety (Welding) — burn and fume controls (1910.252). 8) PPE training (Welding/Fabrication/Painting) — eye, face, hand protection (1910.132/1910.133). 9) Crane and Rigging safety (Shipping/Receiving) — overhead crane operations and signaling (1910.179). 10) Emergency Action and Fire Prevention (All) — solvent/flammable hazards need planning (1910.38/1910.39). Each training aligns with documented incidents and controls and follows OSHA R2015 guidance (OSHA, 2015).

References

• OSHA. (2015). Training Requirements in OSHA Standards (OSHA Publication R 2015). U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3680.pdf
• OSHA. Control of hazardous energy (Lockout/Tagout), 29 CFR 1910.147. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147
• OSHA. Powered Industrial Trucks, 29 CFR 1910.178. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.178
• OSHA. Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200. https://www.osha.gov/hazcom
• OSHA. Respiratory Protection, 29 CFR 1910.134. https://www.osha.gov/respiratory-protection
• OSHA. Hearing Conservation, 29 CFR 1910.95. https://www.osha.gov/noise
• NIOSH. (2012). Musculoskeletal Health and Long-Haul Driving. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh
• Bridger, R. S. (2008). Introduction to Ergonomics (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
• FIA. (2019). FIA Safety Standards and Medical Regulations. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. https://www.fia.com
• NASCAR. (2017). Safety Innovations: Pit Crew and Driver Safety. NASCAR Safety Resources. https://www.nascar.com