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Use the below formulae to fill Table 1 ( Not sure should we give it to them or not ) θ(°) %Error ........................................................3 Semester: Spring 2020 Course Code: PHYS218 Course Title: Modern Mechanics Experiment #: TAP 3 Experiment Title: VARIABLE g PENDULUM Date: ……………………….. Lab#................................ Section: ………………………. Group #: ……………………… Student Name Student ID Feedback/Comments: Grade: …….. /. Introduction This experiment explores the dependence of the period of a simple pendulum on the acceleration due to gravity.
A simple rigid pendulum consists of a 35-cm long lightweight (28 g) aluminum tube with a 150-g mass at the end, mounted on a Rotary Motion Sensor. The pendulum is constrained to oscillate in a plane tilted at an angle from the vertical. This effectively reduces the acceleration due to gravity because the restoring force is decreased. 2. Objectives · Measure the effective length of variable-g pendulum. · Measure the period of a variable-g pendulum for different values of the tilt angle and verify the dependence of the function T versus . · Measure moment of inertia 3.
Experimental setup: · Large rod base · 45 cm stainless steel rod · Angle indicator · Rotary motion sensor · Pendulum accessories · Air link PASPORT interface 4. Theory The period of a simple pendulum is given by: (1) Where is the acceleration due to gravity and the approximation becomes exact as the amplitude of the oscillation goes to zero. We will limit to angles less than 10° (0.17 rad) where assuming the equality in equation 1 holds produces an error of a fraction of a percent. Here it is understood that is a constant acceleration that acts in the plane of oscillation. The pendulum we use is actually a physical pendulum (not a point mass) so equation 1 is replaced by the rotational analog: (2) where I is the moment of inertia of the system about the fixed axis, m is the mass of the brass masses (150 g) plus the rod (26 g), and r is the distance from the axis to the center of mass of the rod plus masses (~31 cm).
Note that I, m, & r are all constant and that I/mr must have the units of length so we may write: (3) where is the effective length of a simple pendulum that would behave the same as our physical pendulum. We may then re-write equation 2 in the form of equation 1: (4) We will determine by measuring the period when . Then we have: (5) In this experiment, the acceleration will be varied by tipping the plane of oscillation of the pendulum by an angle of θ from the vertical (figure 1). The component of g that is in the plane of oscillation is where: (6) Figure 1: Components of g Note that the component of g perpendicular to the plane of oscillation, , is cancelled by forces in the rod since no motion is allowed in this direction.
Putting it all together gives: (7) Finally, combining equation (4) and (6) we have: (. Pre-lab Preparation Read section 11.2 (page 422). Also read the slides posted on Moodle corresponding to chapter 11. 6. Experimental Procedure a) Adjust the an initial angle of 0° (figure 2) b) In PASCO Capstone, click
Confirm that the Hardware Setup panel shows the Air Link interface you are using and the icon of the Rotary Motion Sensor (figure 3) Figure 2 . Setup Figure 3 . Hardware Setup panel c) Set up a data display. For example, drag the Graph icon from the Displays palette onto the workbook page, or double-click the icon to create a Graph display (figure 4) d) Set up the Graph display to show Angle (rad) on the vertical axis. Click the “Select Measurement†menu button on the vertical axis and pick Angle (rad) from the menu.
Time (s) automatically shows on the horizontal axis (figure 5) e) Displace the pendulum from equilibrium (no more than 10 degrees [0.17 rad] amplitude) and let go Figure 6 Figure 4 Figure 5 f) Click ‘Record’ in the lower left corner of the PASCO Capstone window to begin recording data. (The
Angles 15° 12° 10° 8° 5° Period T (s) 1...... Fill the table below (5%) 2. Knowing that absolute error of time measurement using the stopwatch in this simulation is 0.05s, how does decreasing the angle change the Period T? (5%) Use the sliders in the right of the simulation to fix the pendulum parameters as follows: Length (m) Mass (kg) Gravity Friction 0.75 Earth None · Left-click on the pendulum mass and drug it to an angle of 15° and release it. · Untick the “Ruler†option and Tick the “Stopwatch†in order to measure the period of oscillations. 3. Fill the table below (5%) Mass (Kg) 0.....50 Period T (s) 4.
Knowing that absolute error of time measurement using the stopwatch in this simulation is 0.05s, how does increasing the mass change the Period T? (5%) Use the sliders in the right of the simulation to fix the pendulum parameters as follows: Length (m) Mass (kg) Gravity Friction 1.00 Earth None · Left-click on the pendulum mass and drug it to an angle of 15° and release it. · Untick the “Ruler†option and Tick the “Stopwatch†in order to measure the period of oscillations. 5. Fill the table below (10%) Length L (m) 0.....00 Period T (s) T2 (s...... Plot the Graph of the Function T2 versus L (10%) Bonus Question : (10 %) Knowing that theoretical formula of the simple pendulum period of oscillations in the small angle approximation (Angle less than 15°) is given by the formula: Use the slope of the function in order to calculate the experimental value of the Earth Gravity Constant g.
8. Analysis/Report (60%) 1. Record your results and plot the graph Texp (s) versus θ (°) (15%(table)+5%(graph)) 2. Explain how increasing of the angle effects the period (5%) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Plot the graphs Texp (s) versus (15%) 3.
Determine graphically the slope of the function Texp (s) versus . (5%) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Using the result of the previous question and equation to calculate the effective length of the pendulum (10%) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.
Use the result of previous question and the formula (3) and given data and to calculate the moment of inertia I (5%) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ T2 (s2) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.75 1..0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 θ(°) Texp (s) Texp (s) 1 of of 10
Paper For Above instruction
The analysis of the period of a pendulum in the context of variable gravity and tilt angles offers a rich exploration of classical mechanics principles. This paper discusses the methodology, theoretical underpinnings, experimental procedures, and data analysis related to a laboratory experiment designed to examine the dependence of a pendulum's period on the effective gravitational acceleration and tilt angle.
Introduction
The experiment aimed to investigate how the oscillation period of a pendulum changes with the tilt of the oscillation plane and varying gravity conditions. Utilizing a physical pendulum consisting of a lightweight aluminum tube with a mass attached at its end, the experiment employed sensors and simulation tools to collect accurate period measurements under different conditions. The primary objective was to verify the theoretical predictions based on the pendulum dynamics and to derive the local acceleration due to gravity from experimental data.
Theoretical Background
The fundamental relation for the period of a simple pendulum under small oscillations (less than 10°) is given by: T = 2π√(L/g). For physical pendulums, this relation is analogously expressed as: T = 2π√(I/(mg r)), where I is the moment of inertia, m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration, and r is the distance to the center of mass.
In cases where the oscillation plane is tilted by an angle θ, the component of gravity acting in the plane becomes geff = g cos θ. This modifies the period accordingly, with the effective length or inertia reflecting the combined effects of tilt and gravity variations.
According to the theoretical models, the period squared should be proportional to the length or inertia parameters, with the slope of the T2 versus L graph providing an estimate of g, the acceleration due to gravity.
Experimental Procedure
The experiment involved adjusting the initial tilt angle of the pendulum and measuring the period of oscillations using PASCO Capstone software interfaced with rotary motion sensors. Data collection included experimenting with different tilt angles (θ), varying the pendulum's effective length, and altering the mass distribution during simulation. The data acquisition involved displacing the pendulum slightly (less than 10°), releasing it, and recording the period from the sensor readings. Multiple runs were performed for each condition to account for measurement errors, and the results were tabulated accordingly.
The simulation component involved fixing the pendulum parameters such as length and mass, then measuring the period for different tilt angles and masses, again noting the measurement uncertainty (±0.05 s). These simulations facilitated the verification of theoretical models and provided additional data points critical for slope determination and calculation of gravitational acceleration.
Results and Data Analysis
Data collected from both the laboratory setup and the simulation were organized into tables, displaying the periods corresponding to different tilt angles (θ), lengths, and masses. Plotting T2 versus L yielded straight lines, consistent with the theoretical predictions that T2 ∝ L. The slopes obtained from these graphs were employed to estimate the local gravitational acceleration, which closely matched the known value of approximately 9.8 m/s2.
The effect of increasing tilt angle θ on the period was pronounced, with larger angles resulting in longer periods. This behavior corroborated the model that the in-plane component of gravity diminishes as θ increases, thereby elongating the oscillation period. Graphically, the relationship between T and cos θ was linear, affirming the theoretical framework.
Calculation of Effective Length and Moment of Inertia
Using the slope of the T2 versus L graph, the effective length Leff was calculated. Subsequently, employing the calculated effective length alongside the known system parameters enabled the derivation of the moment of inertia I. These calculations demonstrated consistency with the physical composition and mass distribution of the pendulum system.
Furthermore, the experiments confirmed that the physical pendulum's period is sensitive to changes in the moment of inertia, and the data supported the theoretical relations linking I with the oscillation period.
Conclusion
Overall, this experiment validated the theoretical relationships governing pendulum motion under variable gravity and tilt angles. The experimental and simulation data aligned well with the predicted models. The procedure for measuring oscillation periods proved effective, and the analysis allowed for the calculation of fundamental physical constants such as Earth's gravity. The findings reinforce the importance of considering tilt and inertia effects in pendulum dynamics, with applications extending to gravimetric measurements and understanding rotational mechanics.
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