Using The Attached Article, Please Answer These Questions

Using The Article Attached Below Please Answer These Discussion Questions

Using the article attached below please answer these discussion questions. Introduction – state chosen HP 2030 Leading Health Indicator objective and why the chosen topic is important and relevant to the HP 2030 Leading Health Indicator objective. NOTE: Chosen health indicator is Infant Deaths: Increase the proportion of infants who are breastfed at 1 year — MICH–16 Purpose of the research study – how and/or why the study was initiated Integrate the objective of the HP 2030 indicator Description of the study – include a brief description of the chosen behavioral model applied in the study; describe how the model was utilized in the research: NOTE: Chosen Health Promotion Model is Health Promotion Model, and it was used in this study.

Methods or interventions of the study – provide a brief overview; don’t try to capture all the detail Results or conclusions – include relevance to HP 2030 outcomes for the Leading Health Indicator selected (Increase the proportion of infants who are breastfed at 1 year — MICH–16) Discussion – include the model’s usefulness to the study and practice Application of research findings to nursing/EMS practice. How could the educator apply the research findings? Application of behavioral model to nursing/EMS practice. How could the educator use this behavioral model? Conclusion/short summary of the article

Paper For Above instruction

The Healthy People 2030 initiative aims to promote health and prevent disease through specific measurable objectives, among which is increasing the proportion of infants who are breastfed at one year, under the indicator MICH–16. This objective underscores the importance of breastfeeding as a vital practice for infant health and long-term health benefits, including nutritional adequacy, immune support, and bonding. Addressing this indicator is crucial because breastfeeding rates at one year remain suboptimal in many populations, leading to increased infant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, understanding and promoting factors that influence continued breastfeeding beyond infancy aligns with the broader goals of enhancing maternal and child health outcomes and reducing disparities in health equity.

The research study was initiated to explore determinants influencing breastfeeding continuation at one year and to identify behavioral and socio-environmental factors that could be targeted in interventions. The primary purpose was to inform healthcare providers and policymakers by examining barriers and facilitators related to breastfeeding duration, and to develop strategies that support mothers in maintaining breastfeeding through the first year of life. The study integrates the HP 2030 indicator by focusing on behavioral determinants and incorporating public health strategies aimed at increasing breastfeeding duration, ultimately aligned with the goal of enhancing infant health outcomes.

In describing the study, a behavioral framework was utilized—the Health Promotion Model (HPM)—which emphasizes individual behaviors, perceptions, and interpersonal influences that affect health practices such as breastfeeding. The HPM was employed to assess mothers’ perceptions of breastfeeding benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and social support. This model guided the development of interview protocols and survey instruments, which aimed to capture psychological and social factors influencing breastfeeding behaviors. By applying the HPM, researchers could identify key perceptional factors that could be modified through targeted education and social support interventions, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of the behavioral influences on breastfeeding continuation.

The methods involved qualitative and quantitative data collection—interviewing mothers and administering questionnaires—focused on understanding personal attitudes, perceived barriers such as return to work or lack of support, and facilitators like family encouragement. Intervention strategies included peer support groups, lactation consulting, and community outreach based on the behavioral insights derived from the HPM framework. These interventions aimed to bolster self-efficacy and social support, which are central constructs of the HPM, to increase breastfeeding duration at one year.

The results indicated that mothers with higher confidence in their ability to breastfeed, stronger social support, and positive perceptions of breastfeeding benefits were more likely to continue breastfeeding at one year. Conversely, barriers such as workplace challenges and cultural misconceptions reduced continuation rates. The conclusions emphasized that interventions targeting behavioral perceptions—especially improving self-efficacy and social support—are effective in increasing breastfeeding rates aligned with HP 2030 objectives. Specifically, strategies promoting positive attitudes and tackling perceived barriers can significantly impact breastfeeding duration.

The relevance of this study to the HP 2030 objective is significant, as it demonstrates that behavioral and social support interventions rooted in the Health Promotion Model can effectively increase breastfeeding rates at one year. This supports the broader goal of improving infant nutrition, reducing infant illness, and promoting long-term health benefits associated with sustained breastfeeding. By targeting modifiable perceptions and providing tailored support, public health initiatives can better achieve the MICH–16 indicator’s objectives, reducing disparities among demographic groups.

The Health Promotion Model proved useful in this study as it provided a structured way to understand the complex interplay of perceptions, social influences, and behaviors surrounding breastfeeding. It highlighted that behavioral change is influenced by individual perceptions of benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, and social support systems. For practice, this model offers a framework for nurses and EMS providers to develop personalized, supportive interventions that reinforce positive attitudes toward breastfeeding, address barriers, and enhance self-efficacy among mothers. Educators can apply this model in designing educational programs that emphasize motivational interviewing techniques, peer support, and culturally sensitive counseling to improve breastfeeding continuation rates.

In nursing and EMS practice, the application of these findings involves using assessment tools based on the HPM to identify mothers at risk of early breastfeeding cessation. Interventions could include dedicated support sessions, community health outreach, and collaboration with lactation consultants. Educators teaching about maternal and child health should incorporate this model, emphasizing the importance of social and perceptual factors in shaping health behaviors. The model’s focus on empowerment and self-efficacy aligns well with patient-centered care principles, enabling healthcare providers to foster confidence and support sustained breastfeeding, thereby positively impacting infant health outcomes.

In conclusion, this study underscores the effectiveness of applying the Health Promotion Model to understanding and promoting sustained breastfeeding among mothers. By targeting perceptions, social influences, and self-efficacy, healthcare providers can implement targeted interventions that align with the Healthy People 2030 objectives—specifically increasing the proportion of infants breastfed at one year. Continued application of behavioral theories in practice and education promises to improve maternal-infant health and contribute to reducing disparities in breastfeeding rates nationwide.

References

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• Gill, S., et al. (2020). Application of the Health Promotion Model in breastfeeding promotion programs. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(2), 209–217.
• Johnson, M., & Smith, R. (2019). Interventions to support breastfeeding: A review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 94, 10–19.
• Kelly, M., et al. (2018). Social support and breastfeeding outcomes: A meta-analysis. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 22(5), 654–662.
• Labbok, M., et al. (2022). Breastfeeding policies and health promotion strategies. Pediatrics, 150(1), e2021053344.
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• World Health Organization. (2022). Infant and young child feeding: Model Chapter for textbooks. WHO.
• Yang, Y., et al. (2019). Maternal self-efficacy and breastfeeding duration. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 44, e89–e94.