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Problem 7-7 A worker-machine operation was found to involve 3.6 minutes of machine time per cycle in the course of 40 cycles of stopwatch study. The worker’s time averaged 1.8 minutes per cycle, and the worker was given a rating of 120 percent (machine rating is 100 percent). Midway through the study, the worker took a 10-minute rest break. Assuming an allowance factor of 15 percent of work time which is applied only to the worker element (not the machine element), determine the standard time for this job. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) Standard time [removed] minutes
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The determination of the standard time for a job involving both machine and human elements requires an understanding of operational measurements, worker performance ratings, allowance factors, and breaks taken during work. In this case, we analyze a worker-machine operation with specific data points to calculate the precise standard time, accounting for all these factors systematically.
Initially, it is essential to understand the basic data:
- Machine time per cycle: 3.6 minutes
- Number of cycles studied: 40
- Worker's observed time per cycle: 1.8 minutes
- Worker's performance rating: 120%
- Rest break: 10 minutes, taken midway through the study
- Allowance factor for the worker: 15%
The first step involves calculating the normal time for the worker's element, which involves adjusting the observed time to reflect standard performance. Since the observed worker time per cycle is 1.8 minutes and the rating is 120%, the normal time per cycle for the worker's element is determined by dividing the observed time by the performance rating expressed as a decimal (i.e., 120% = 1.20):
Normal worker time per cycle = 1.8 minutes / 1.20 = 1.5 minutes
Next, we consider the effect of the rest break. The worker took a 10-minute break midway, which impacts the overall work sampling and the calculation of total work time. Since breaks are part of allowances, the total work time per cycle must incorporate the break time proportionally, especially considering the total observed work period.
The total observed machine time for 40 cycles is:
Total machine time = 40 cycles × 3.6 minutes = 144 minutes
For the worker's time, the total observed time over 40 cycles is:
Total observed worker time = 40 cycles × 1.8 minutes = 72 minutes
However, we need to adjust for the performance rating and allowances. The normal work time does not yet include allowances and breaks, which are taken into account to derive the standard time.
The total normal work time for the worker over 40 cycles is:
Total normal worker time = 40 cycles × 1.5 minutes = 60 minutes
Now, we adjust for the allowances. Since the allowance factor is 15% applied only to the worker element, the allowances are:
Allowances = 15% of the worker's normal time
Total allowance time = 0.15 × 60 minutes = 9 minutes
This allowance accounts for delays, fatigue, and rest breaks. The 10-minute break taken midway through the study has already factored into the observed times, but we ensure to incorporate allowances explicitly, as required for standard time calculation.
Adding the allowances to the normal worker time, the total standard worker time per cycle becomes:
Standard worker time per cycle = Normal worker time + Allowance adjustment = 1.5 minutes + (0.15 × 1.5 minutes) = 1.5 + 0.225 = 1.725 minutes
Finally, the total standard time for the entire job must include the machine time, which remains unchanged because allowances are typically not applied to machine time. The total machine time over 40 cycles is 144 minutes, and the worker's standard time over 40 cycles is:
Total worker standard time = 40 × 1.725 = 69 minutes
Adding the machine time:
Total standard time = Machine time + Worker standard time = 144 + 69 = 213 minutes
Therefore, the standard time for this job, considering the machine time, worker performance, allowances, and breaks, is approximately 213.00 minutes.
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