We Add A New Protocol To The Application Layer

We Add A New Protocol To The Application Layer Wh

Assume we add a new protocol to the application layer. What changes do we need to make to other layers?

During the weekend, Professor xyz often needs to access files stored on his office desktop from his home laptop. Last week, he installed a copy of the FTP server process on his desktop at his office and a copy of the FTP client process on his laptop at home. He was disappointed when he could not access his files during the weekend. What could have gone wrong?

Most of the operating systems installed on personal computers come with several client processes, but normally no server processes. Explain the reason.

Assume a TELNET client uses ASCII to represent characters, but the TELNET server uses EBCDIC to represent characters. How can the client log into the server when character representations are different?

Can you find an analogy in our daily life as to when we use two separate connections in communication similar to the control and data connections in FTP?

List four types of delays in a packet-switch network.

Describe the three auxiliary protocols at the network layer of the TCP/IP suite that are designed to help the IPv4 protocol.

Describe the difference between multicasting and multiple-unicasting.

Explain why we can have different intradomain routing protocols in different ASs, but we need only one interdomain routing protocol in the whole internet.

How does a single bit error differ from a burst error?

Explain why collision is an issue in random access protocols but not in controlled access or channelizing protocols.

How does a VLAN save a company time and money?

How does a VLAN reduce network traffic?

Discuss the functions of each SONET layer.

Explain why the MAC protocol is more important in wireless LANs than in wired LANs.

What is multipath propagation? What is its effect on wireless networks?

An AP may connect a wireless network to a wired network. Does the AP need to have two MAC addresses in this case? Why or why not?

An AP in a wireless network plays the same role as a link-layer switch in a wired network. However, a link-layer switch has no MAC address, but an AP normally needs a MAC address. Explain the reason.

We send a voice signal from a microphone to a recorder. Is this baseband or broadband transmission?

Describe PCM.

Which of the three multiplexing techniques are used to combine analog signals?

Name the two major categories of transmission media.

What are the three major classes of guided media?

What is the purpose of cladding in an optical fiber?

What to turn in: For this project you will need to turn in a printout of your published m-file. Use a YourName_MATH240_Proj2.m file to save your code in an .m file. Use the command PUBLISH(FILE,FORMAT) (or similar) to publish your work in word or pdf format (while you are at it, play to see what other formats you can get). Make sure that you have enough comments and results shown so that another person (me or the TA) can understand what you are doing).

Use %% notation to differentiate in cells the problems in this homework. This way you can even run/debug one problem at a time. Please apply the instructions from Project 1 about working in teams and labeling your project. Remember to use the command lookfor &% when trying to find the MATLAB command whose description contains &%. MATLAB PROJECT 2: The goals of this project are: (1) to learn more about how to quickly generate matrices using MATLAB functions; (2) practice different ways of computing the inverse and use the properties of determinants; (3) practice your understanding of the standard matrix of a linear transformation; (4) interpret and explain the results generated by MATLAB.

PROBLEM 1: Use MATLAB commands to efficiently (i.e. without keying each entry) enter the matrix: 𑆠= [ ] . Hint: Try help diag and represent S as the sum of two matrices having non-zero entries on different diagonals. a) Compute S^k for k=2,3,4. Describe in words what happens when computing S^k. b) By using this reasoning, what do you expect S^11 to be? c) As part of a linear algebra quiz, your friend answers 'TRUE' to the question: Is it true or false that if A*B=0 then one of the matrices A or B is the zero matrix? Based on your computations above, do you agree with him?

PROBLEM 2: Suppose a linear transformation T has the property that T([1;3])=[5;4], and T([2;1])=[3;6] where [1;3] is, as in MATLAB, the column vector with entries 1 and 2. Let A denote the standard matrix of T. a) The information above tells you that there are matrices U and V such as ð´ ∗ 𑈠= ð‘‰. Define U and V. Hint: read the problem until the end. b) Using inv(U), V and matrix multiplication, compute A. c) Verify that you have the correct A by computing in MATLAB ð´ ∗ [1;3] and ð´ ∗ [2;1] and comparing with the values of T([1;3]) and T([2;1]), respectively. d) Compute the expression det ð´ ∙ det 𑈠− det 𑉠. What general fact does this calculation illustrate? e) Compute det (ð´ + ð‘ˆ) − (det ð´ + det ð‘ˆ). What general fact does this calculation illustrate?

PROBLEM 3: Let ð´ð‘› be the ð‘› à— ð‘› matrix with 1 on the main diagonal and 2 elsewhere. a) For ð‘› = 4,5,6 1. Use Matlab pre-programmed matrices (eye, ones, zeros) and matrix operations, efficiently input ð´ð‘› . 2. Compute ð´ð‘› −1 and display the result with rational entries. b) Propose a general form for ð´ð‘› −1 , expressed in terms on ð‘›. c) Check your theory for ð‘› = 6.

PROBLEM 4: Consider the matrix A=[4,-2 ,1 ,5; 3, 8, 2, -1; 6, 8, 9, 2; 2, 3, -1, 0]. Compute the following five determinants and comment what general properties of determinants your computations at points b-e illustrate: (a) det(A); (b) det(A T) where T stands for transposed; (c) det(A^2); (d) det(2A); (e) det(A^{-1}).

PROBLEM 5: The color of light can be represented in a vector [R; G; B] where R= Amount of red; G= amount of green and B=amount of blue. The human eye and the brain transform the incoming signal into the signal [I; L; S] where I – intensity, L –long-wave signal and S – short wave signal and ð¼ = ð‘…+ðº+ðµ 3 ; ð¿ = 𑅠− ðº; 𑆠= ðµ − ð‘…+ðº 2 a) Find the standard matrix P of the transformation from input [R; G; B] to output [I; L; S]; b) Consider a pair of yellow sunglasses for water sports that cuts out all blue light and passes all red and green light. Find the matrix A that represents the transformation incoming light undergoes as it passes through the sunglasses; c) Find the matrix for the composed transformation that the light undergoes as it first passes through the sunglasses and then the eye; d) Compute the change in the [I; L; S] output signal between the [I; L; S] output without and with the yellow sunglasses if the initial [R; G; B] input is [20;35;40].

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The modification of the application layer protocol necessitates changes across multiple layers of the network architecture to ensure seamless integration and functionality. Primarily, the transport layer may require updates to accommodate the new protocol’s communication semantics, including the introduction of new port numbers or modifications to existing ones. The network layer may also need adjustments if the protocol requires specific routing or addressing components, especially if it introduces new types of data or control messages. Additionally, the data link layer might need to establish new frame formats or error detection mechanisms tailored to the new protocol's characteristics. Physical layer modifications are generally minimal unless the protocol involves new transmission techniques or media. Overall, a comprehensive protocol design ensures compatibility, security, and efficiency by aligning changes across all relevant layers.

In the scenario where Professor XYZ cannot access his files during the weekend despite installing FTP server and client processes, the failure could stem from several issues. Common problems include incorrect configuration of network parameters such as IP addresses, port numbers, or firewall settings that block FTP traffic. FTP operates using control and data connections, and if a firewall blocks one or both of these, the client cannot establish proper sessions with the server. Additionally, the server might not be running correctly, ports may be closed, or NAT issues could prevent successful communication. Ensuring that both servers are correctly configured, ports are open, and network address translation is appropriately managed is critical for FTP functionality.

Most personal computers ship with multiple client processes because client-side software is often pre-installed to allow for immediate access to network services such as email, browsing, and file sharing. Server processes, however, are typically absent from personal OS distributions to maintain security and simplicity. Running server processes introduces potential security vulnerabilities and resource overhead, which most users do not need. Consequently, server processes are installed explicitly by users or administrators when necessary, and default OS setups prioritize client applications for ease of use and security.

When a TELNET client uses ASCII and the server uses EBCDIC, a character encoding conversion process enables login regardless of the differing representations. This typically involves the TELNET protocol performing character set translation or substitution, often through an intermediary translation layer, or by negotiating character set options during the session setup. The client can send ASCII characters, which are converted to EBCDIC on the server side, allowing compatibility. Conversely, the server’s EBCDIC responses are converted back to ASCII before presentation to the client. This process ensures seamless communication despite differing character encoding schemes.

A daily life analogy to the control and data connections in FTP can be viewed as making a telephone call (control connection) and then exchanging messages or data over that call. For instance, when ordering food by phone, first, the caller establishes control by identifying themselves and specifying what they want (control phase). Once confirmed, the actual transaction—such as delivering the order or exchanging details—happens over the same line (data transfer). Alternatively, in a courier service, the control connection is akin to scheduling or confirming pickup, and the data connection corresponds to the actual delivery of the package.

The four primary delays in a packet-switch network are:

• Processing delay: Time required to examine packet headers and determine the appropriate next hop.
• Queuing delay: Time packets spend waiting in queues due to congestion.
• Transmission delay: Time to push all packet bits onto the link, depending on packet size and link bandwidth.
• Propagation delay: Time for a signal to travel from sender to receiver, dependent on physical medium and distance.

The TCP/IP suite employs auxiliary protocols like ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) to map IP addresses to MAC addresses, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for diagnostics and error reporting, and routing protocols such as OSPF or BGP that help in determining optimal paths for packet delivery. ARP resolves address translation issues within a local network, ICMP assists in network troubleshooting and error messaging, while routing protocols maintain and distribute routing tables across domains.

Multicasting involves sending a single packet to multiple specific receivers simultaneously using a multicast address, which reduces network load and bandwidth consumption. Multiple-unicasting creates separate unicast transmissions to each recipient, increasing bandwidth demand. Multicasting is more efficient when multiple receivers need the same data, as it reduces the duplication of packets in the network.

Different intradomain routing protocols in various Autonomous Systems (ASs) can exist because each domain can employ protocols optimized for local conditions, policies, and topology (such as OSPF or EIGRP). However, for interdomain routing, a unified protocol like BGP is necessary to ensure consistent, scalable, and policy-compliant communication across the entire internet. BGP manages the exchange of routing information between ASs to facilitate global connectivity.

A single bit error alters only one bit within a data unit, potentially causing minor data corruption, while a burst error affects a sequence of bits, leading to more significant data corruption. Burst errors are particularly problematic in noisy channels where errors tend to cluster, requiring more robust error correction techniques.

Collision in random access protocols occurs because multiple stations transmit simultaneously, leading to interference and loss. Controlled access protocols and channelization avoid this by coordinating access or by dividing the channel via techniques like TDMA or FDMA, thus preventing collisions.

VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) enable segmentation of a physical network into multiple logical networks. This reduces broadcast domains, limits unnecessary traffic, and allows for more efficient use of network resources, saving time and money relevant to infrastructure and management.

VLANs reduce network traffic by confining broadcast traffic within each VLAN, thus preventing broadcast frames from propagating through the entire physical network. This improves efficiency and reduces congestion, especially in large networks with many devices.

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) layers include the Physical layer, which handles physical transmission; the Section layer, responsible for framing and multiplexing; the Line layer, managing data rate adaptation; and the Payload layer, which supplies the actual data transmission service. Each layer plays a vital role in ensuring reliable high-speed optical communication.

Wireless LANs rely heavily on MAC protocols for managing access to the shared wireless medium, making protocol efficiency critical for reducing collisions and improving throughput. Unlike wired LANs, wireless channels are susceptible to interference, noise, and variable conditions, necessitating more sophisticated MAC strategies.

Multipath propagation occurs when signals reach the receiver via multiple paths, causing phenomena like fading, interference, and signal distortion. In wireless networks, this leads to issues such as signal fading or time dispersion, affecting link reliability and quality.

If an access point connects a wireless network to a wired network, it does need to have two MAC addresses—one associated with the wireless interface and another with the wired interface. This facilitates proper routing and data forwarding between the different network segments.

Although an AP functions like a switch at the data link layer by forwarding frames based on MAC addresses, it requires a MAC address itself because it operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model and participates in MAC address learning and forwarding. This distinguishes it from a simple switch, which may not necessarily need an assigned MAC address but does for identification and management purposes.

Sending a voice signal from a microphone to a recorder is typically a broadband transmission. Voice signals are converted into analog waveforms that are transmitted over a broadband channel where multiple frequency components can exist simultaneously.

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a technique for converting an analog signal into a digital form by sampling the signal at regular intervals, quantizing the samples into discrete levels, and then coding these levels into binary form.

AM (Amplitude Modulation), FM (Frequency Modulation), and PM (Phase Modulation) are the three primary multiplexing techniques used to combine analog signals, each using different methods of encoding multiple signals onto a single carrier.

The two major categories of transmission media are guided media (such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber) and unguided media (such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared).

The three major classes of guided media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers.

The purpose of cladding in an optical fiber is to contain and reflect light within the core via total internal reflection, enabling efficient and high-speed transmission over long distances with minimal loss.