Week 8 Reader Report Instructions After You Have Completed A

Week8 Reader Reportinstructions After You Have Completed All Readin

After you have completed all readings on The Civil Rights Movement for week eight, answer the following question(s)/ prompt(s) based upon what you have read. Note: Your reader report will be different each week. Matching Questions: Match the term to its correct definition by inputting the letter for the correct definition on the line to the left of the corresponding term. (1pt./each) _______ The Black Panther Party _______ The Voting Rights Act of 1965 _______ The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party _______ The Enforcement Act of 1871 A. act that attempted to provide Black people with legislative protection from lynching by prohibiting terrorist organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan, from violently or otherwise preventing Black voting, jury service, or office-holding. B. organization formed by voting rights activists to coordinate voter registration in Mississippi. C. organization formed by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966 that developed a ten-point program to promote Black Power and positive self-imagine, and self-determination for Black people. D. act that banished poll taxes and literacy tests and required federal registers to register Black voters. Multiple Choice Questions: Bold the correct answer. (1pt./each) 1. ________ was a Black male activist who called for the creation of organizations, institutions, schools, programs, research, and scholarship that would redress the deliberate miseducation of Black Americans as a first step toward self-acceptance, personal empowerment, and nation building. o Martin Luther King, Jr. o Malcolm X o Jesse Jackson o Stokely Carmichael 2. ________ was a Black woman investigative journalist who declared lynching as an act or terror and debunked the myth of black hypersexuality as a factor in lynching cases. o Ella Baker o Pauli Murray o Fannie Lou Hamer o Ida B. Wells 3. ________ was a Black woman activist who helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and ran for a Mississippi seat in the U.S Congress. o Shirley Chisolm o Pauli Murray o Fannie Lou Hamer o Ida B. Wells 4. The Los Angeles uprisings and riots in 1965 sparked _______ to rethink the meaning of “civil rights.†He realized that a focus on legislative reform was not enough for addressing the social conditions, economic dislocation, and human dignity of Black people. o Martin Luther King, Jr. o Malcolm X o Jesse Jackson o Stokely Carmichael 5. _________ was a Black woman activist who fought to include protections against sex (gender) -based discrimination as a civil right in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. o Ella Baker o Pauli Murray o Fannie Lou Hamer o Ida B. Wells 6. ________ and ________ were two African Americans to run for presidency before 44th President Baraka Obama ran for president. o Jesse Jackson and Bobby Rush o Shirley Chisolm and Al Sharpton o Bobby Rush and Ella Baker o Shirley Chisolm and Jesse Jackson True / False Questions: Bold the correct answer. (1pt./ each) 1. In 1966, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover outlined a new counterintelligence operation called cointelpro as an attempt to infiltrate and neutralize the Black Panthers. True / False 2. “The Black Freedom Movement†is a framework that describes the African American struggle for civil and human rights between the mid-1940s and mid-1970s and includes the civil rights movement and Black Power movement. True / False 3. “Civil rights†defines the protected rights and privileges of citizens that included government legislated strivings for inclusion and protection. True / False 4. African American Studies scholars, like Quincy T. Mills and Hasan Kwame Jeffries, argue that “civil rights†is an inadequate terminology to describe Black freedom struggles because “civil rights†represents a colorblind ideology that did not center an interest in obtaining freedom, in all forms, for Black people. True / False 5. A. Phillip Randolph, executive secretary of Atlanta’s SCLC office, argued that student protestors were seeking to rid America of the scourge of racial segregation and discrimination not only at lunch counters, but in every aspect of life. True / False Short Answer Questions: Write the correct answer in bold. (5pts./each) 1. Identify and briefly describe an important event that took place in the history of the civil rights movement and the Black freedom struggle for each date listed below: . List the five provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 3. When did the Black Lives Matter movement emerge? What was the event that led to the development of BLM? Who are the Black women that began BLM? HW-2(2) Computer Science Theory of Computing (Csc 520 Course) 2. (12.5 points): Σ={a,b}, L = {w : w is a palindrome, and #a(w) = #b(w)}. For example, abbaabba ∈ L; aba ≉ L because it has more a's than b's; ba ≉ L because it is not the same left-to right as right-to-left. Finish the proof, started below, which shows that L ∉ CFLs. 1. Lâ‹‚ = L â‹‚ aba* 2. If L ∈ CFLs then Lâ‹‚ ∈ CFLs because the CFLs are closed under intersection with an RL. 3. If Lâ‹‚ ∉ CFLs then L ∉ CFLs by applying the modus tollens logic rule to step 2. 4. Use the CF pumping theorem to show that Lâ‹‚ ∉ CFLs. 4.a Let w = aá´·b²á´·aá´·. Then w ∈ L and |w| ≥ k, so that w can be expressed as the concatenation of the substrings uvxyz, and the CF pumping theorem guarantees apply.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

The Civil Rights Movement was a pivotal era in American history marked by relentless struggles towards racial equality, justice, and the dismantling of systemic segregation. Examining key organizations, legislative acts, influential figures, and major events provides insight into the complex dynamics of this movement. This report explores critical aspects of the Civil Rights Movement, including the roles of organizations like the Black Panther Party, legislative milestones such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and significant activists who shaped the movement's trajectory.

The Black Panther Party

The Black Panther Party, founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, emerged as a revolutionary organization advocating for Black Power, self-determination, and community self-defense. Distinct from the civil rights focus of earlier decades, the Panthers emphasized Black empowerment through programs like free breakfast for children and community health clinics (Bloom & Martin, 2013). Their ten-point program outlined demands for economic justice, employment, housing, and an end to police brutality. The Black Panther Party played a crucial role in redefining Black activism and confronting state violence, particularly during the late 1960s and 1970s (Cone, 2011).

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

This landmark legislation aimed to eliminate barriers preventing Black Americans from voting, such as poll taxes and literacy tests, which were used to disenfranchise Black voters mainly in the South. The Act mandated federal oversight of voter registration and prohibited discriminatory voting practices (Kennedy, 2009). Its passage was a culmination of intensified civil rights activism, including pivotal protests and voter registration drives, especially in states like Mississippi and Alabama. The Voting Rights Act marked a significant victory, enabling millions of Black citizens to participate fully in electoral processes (Pildes, 2018).

The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Formed in 1964, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) aimed to challenge the exclusion of Black voters from the Democratic Party’s processes in Mississippi. Organized by activists like Fannie Lou Hamer, MFDP sought to establish an integrated, Black-led alternative to the segregated Democratic Party (Hamer, 1964). Hamer’s powerful testimony at the 1964 Democratic National Convention highlighted violent repression and systemic disenfranchisement faced by Black voters. Although the MFDP was not immediately recognized, its efforts significantly contributed to the broader civil rights struggle for political inclusion (Conkin, 2022).

The Enforcement Act of 1871

This act was enacted to combat terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and to protect African Americans’ civil rights during Reconstruction. It made it a federal offense to interfere with Black citizens' voting rights and to engage in acts of terrorism against them. The Enforcement Act aimed to suppress white supremacist violence and restore civil authority in the post-Civil War South (Foner, 2014). Although initially effective, enforcement waned over time, leading to renewed violence and disenfranchisement efforts in later decades (Gould, 2017).

Key Figures in the Civil Rights Movement

Among notable leaders, Martin Luther King Jr. championed nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, which significantly advanced legal and societal changes. Conversely, Malcolm X advocated for Black self-defense and racial pride, emphasizing the importance of racial identity and empowerment (Carson, 1995). Fannie Lou Hamer, an activist and organizer, was instrumental in voter registration drives and inspired Black political participation through her resilient stance against racial injustice. These figures embodied diverse strategies and philosophies that propelled the civil rights movement forward.

Major Events and Legislative Milestones

The Civil Rights Movement experienced pivotal moments such as the 1963 March on Washington where King delivered his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech, symbolizing a vision of racial harmony. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 marked a legal victory ending segregation in public places and prohibiting employment discrimination. The Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965, culminating in the Voting Rights Act, demonstrated the power of mass mobilization to effect change. These events underscored the importance of activism, legislation, and public consciousness in shaping racial equality (Branch, 1988).

Contemporary Movements and Reflections

The Black Lives Matter movement, emerging in 2013 following the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s shooter, underscores ongoing struggles against racial injustice, police brutality, and systemic inequality. Founded by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, BLM has mobilized global protests and dialogues on racial issues, emphasizing the need for continued activism beyond legislative reforms (Taylor, 2016). The movement reflects a broader understanding of Black freedom that encompasses social, economic, and cultural justice (Khan-Cullors & Tometi, 2018).

Conclusion

The Civil Rights Movement was a multifaceted effort involving legislation, activism, and leadership across decades. Understanding key organizations like the Black Panther Party, legislation like the Voting Rights Act, and influential figures provides insight into the ongoing quest for racial equality. Modern movements such as Black Lives Matter continue this legacy, highlighting that the struggle for justice and human dignity persists. Recognizing this continuum underscores the importance of historical awareness and active engagement in social justice issues.

References

• Bloom, J., & Martin, W. E. (2013). Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. University of California Press.
• Branch, T. (1988). Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963. Simon & Schuster.
• Carson, C. (1995). Malcolm X: The End of Black Revolution. Panther Press.
• Conkin, P. K. (2022). Mississippi Party Politics: The Rise of the Black Freedom Movement. University of Mississippi Press.
• Foner, E. (2014). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. HarperCollins.
• Gould, L. L. (2017). The Ku Klux Klan: A Short History. Oxford University Press.
• Hamer, F. L. (1964). Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Testimony. Civil Rights Documentation Project.
• Kennedy, D. (2009). Freedom Rights: New Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement. University of Georgia Press.
• Khan-Cullors, A., & Tometi, O. (2018). When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir. St. Martin's Press.
• Pildes, R. H. (2018). Voting Rights and Disenfranchisement. Harvard Law Review, 130(5), 1251-1320.