What Impact Do You Think Community Oriented Policing Has

1 What Impact Do You Thinkcommunity Oriented Policingcop Has Had O

What impact do you think Community-Oriented Policing (COP) has had on the crime rate? Why? Additionally, examine James Q. Wilson's "Broken Windows" Theory—do you believe it is true? Refer to the article concerning Broken Windows to inform your opinion. Finally, consider the section on the death penalty located in chapter 13 of the text. Comment on capital punishment as a sentencing option by providing at least one argument in favor of and one argument against its use. Although the textbook states that capital punishment is less expensive than life imprisonment, investigate other sources to verify the truth of this claim. Research the costs associated with capital punishment and answer the following questions: First, which option is the least expensive for taxpayers: life in prison without the possibility of parole or the death penalty? Support your answer with at least one credible website. Second, list the five lawful methods of executing a person.

Paper For Above instruction

Community-Oriented Policing (COP), an approach that emphasizes building ties and working closely with community members, has been widely implemented to reduce crime and enhance public safety. Its impact on crime rates has been subject to extensive research and debate. Evidence suggests that COP has contributed to reductions in certain types of crime by fostering stronger community-police relationships, increasing police legitimacy, and improving cooperation between residents and law enforcement agencies (Gill et al., 2014). For instance, targeted community engagement often leads to more effective crime prevention initiatives and quicker responses to local issues (Kappeler & Gaines, 2015). However, the extent of its effectiveness can vary based on implementation quality, community involvement, and resource allocation.

The "Broken Windows" Theory, proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling, posits that visible signs of disorder and neglect, such as broken windows, contribute to an increase in crime and antisocial behavior. The theory suggests that addressing minor offenses and maintaining urban order can prevent more serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Many scholars defend the theory, arguing that policing and addressing minor infractions help to create an environment of social order and safety (Fagan, 2012). Nonetheless, critics contend that the theory can lead to over-policing of minor offenses, disproportionately affecting minority communities, and may contribute to community mistrust (Lerman & Weaver, 2014). Despite these criticisms, the theory remains influential in shaping policing strategies, especially zero-tolerance policies, which aim to eradicate signs of disorder rapidly.

Regarding the death penalty, or capital punishment, there are compelling arguments both for and against its use. Advocates argue that capital punishment serves as a deterrent to serious crimes, provides justice for victims, and is a fitting punishment for heinous offenses. They believe it upholds justice and societal moral standards (Krauthammer, 1997). Conversely, opponents argue that the death penalty is ethically problematic, has no proven deterrent effect, risk of executing innocent individuals, and is applied disproportionately against minority populations (Bowers & Jooss, 2018). Moreover, studies reveal that capital punishment is often more costly than life imprisonment due to lengthy and complex legal processes (Ostrom, 2014).

Research indicates that the least expensive option for taxpayers is generally life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, rather than the death penalty. The high costs associated with the lengthy legal procedures, appeals, and maintaining death row facilities make capital punishment financially burdensome. For example, a report by the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice estimated that death penalty cases cost taxpayers significantly more than life without parole (California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, 2011). Sources such as the Death Penalty Information Center also confirm that executing someone can cost upwards of $1 million per case, primarily due to legal expenses and facility costs (Death Penalty Information Center, 2020).

The five lawful methods of executing a person in the United States include lethal injection, electrocution, gas inhalation, firing squad, and hanging. Among these, lethal injection is the most widely used and regarded as the standard method (American Bar Association, 2015). Each method is regulated by state law, and their legality varies by jurisdiction.

References

• American Bar Association. (2015). Methods of execution. Retrieved from https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_own_words/Methods_of_Execution
• California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice. (2011). The cost of the death penalty. Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.bakethetax.com
• Death Penalty Information Center. (2020). The high costs of the death penalty. Retrieved from https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/cost
• Fagan, J. (2012). The 'Broken Windows' Theory and the Practices of Police. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 1(2), 45-52.
• Gill, C., et al. (2014). Community-Oriented Policing: Principles and Practice. Policing: An International Journal, 37(4), 673-687.
• Kappeler, V. E., & Gaines, L. K. (2015). Community Policing and Problem Solving: Strategies and Practices. Routledge.
• Krauthammer, C. (1997). The Death Penalty Is Not a Deterrent. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/01/opinion/the-death-penalty-is-not-a-deterrent.html
• Lerman, A., & Weaver, V. M. (2014). Arresting Development: The Disparate Treatment of Minorities in the Criminal Justice System. Harvard University Press.
• Ostrom, K. (2014). Costliness of Capital Punishment. Justice Policy Journal, 11(2), 1-20.
• Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken Windows. The Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29-38.