What Is The Principle Quantum Number N 61 The Nucleus Of Rut

60 What Is The Priciple Quantum Number N 61 The Nucleus Of Ruth

What is the principle quantum number, (n)?

The principle quantum number, denoted as n, is a fundamental quantum number in atomic physics that describes the size and energy level of an electron within an atom. It is an integer value that typically starts from 1 and increases upwards (n = 1, 2, 3, ...). The larger the value of n, the higher the energy level and the farther the electron is from the nucleus. This quantum number determines the main energy shell or principal energy level occupied by the electron, which influences the atom’s spectral properties and chemical behavior.

In Rutherford's model of the nucleus, the nucleus of an atom primarily has the following characteristics:

• Small mass: The nucleus accounts for most of the atom's mass but remains tiny compared to the overall size of the atom.
• Small size: The nuclear radius is on the order of femtometers, which is significantly smaller than the size of the entire atom.
• Positive charge: The nucleus contains protons, which are positively charged, giving the nucleus its positive charge.

Options for the nuclear characteristics are thus best described as having a small size, small mass, and positive charge. The correct answer to the question regarding the nucleus of Rutherford's model is:

• C) positive charge

When a photon collides with an electron and the electron goes to a higher orbital, the photon’s _____ decreases.

When a photon interacts with an electron and excites it to a higher energy orbital, the photon essentially transfers some of its energy to the electron. As a consequence, the photon’s energy decreases because energy and frequency are directly related via Planck’s equation (E=hv). Additionally, the wavelength of the photon increases, since wavelength is inversely proportional to energy (λ=hc/E). The speed of the photon remains constant at the speed of light in a vacuum and does not change during such interactions. Therefore, the correct answer is:

• C) wavelength

Why does a neon sign do not produce _____?

A neon sign produces light by exciting neon atoms which emit photons when returning to lower energy states, resulting in distinct spectral lines or a broad emission spectrum based on the transition involved. It does not typically produce absorption spectra because the ionized neon atoms or molecules in the sign do not absorb specific wavelengths in the same way as they emit them. An absorption spectrum is characteristic of a material absorbing specific wavelengths, but in a neon sign, photons are emitted, not absorbed, making the emission spectrum prominent.

Thus, a neon sign does not produce an absorption spectrum. The options provided include line spectrum, emission spectrum, absorption spectrum, and photons. Because it is a source of emission, it does produce a spectrum of emitted photons but not an absorption spectrum. The correct answer is:

• C) an absorption spectrum

Paper For Above instruction

The principle quantum number, denoted as n, is a crucial concept in atomic physics that describes the size and energy level of an electron within an atom. It is an integer value starting from 1 and increasing sequentially (n = 1, 2, 3, ...). The quantum number n primarily determines the principal energy shell or energy level occupied by the electron, influencing the atom's spectral lines and chemical properties. As the value of n increases, the electron resides farther from the nucleus and possesses higher energy. This quantum number plays a vital role in quantum mechanics and atomic structure theories, enabling scientists to predict electron arrangements and behaviors in various elements and molecules (Davies & Dwyer, 2016).

In Rutherford's planetary model of the atom, the nucleus was considered the central core of the atom, containing nearly all its mass and positive charge. The nucleus is tiny compared to the overall size of the atom, with a radius on the order of femtometers. Its mass is small relative to the total atomic mass but significant enough to dominate the atom's mass distribution. The positive charge within the nucleus is due to protons, which balance the negatively charged electrons orbiting at a distance (Galindo & Pascual, 2020). Therefore, the most characteristic features of the Rutherford nucleus are its small size, small mass, and positive charge, which are fundamental to understanding atomic structure and nuclear physics.

Regarding photon-electron interactions, when a photon collides with an electron and excites it to a higher energy orbital, the photon transfers part of its energy to the electron. This process results in a decrease in the photon’s energy and wavelength. Since the photon’s speed in a vacuum remains constant at the speed of light, the only properties affected are its energy and wavelength. The decrease in energy corresponds to an increase in wavelength according to the Planck-Einstein relation, E = hv, and the wavelength is inversely proportional to energy (Hecht, 2017). This transfer of energy is fundamental in phenomena such as the photoelectric effect and atomic absorption and emission spectra.

In the case of neon signs, they function by exciting neon gas atoms to higher energy levels, from which they emit photons upon returning to lower energy states. The emitted light shows a characteristic emission spectrum, which is a set of specific wavelengths corresponding to the transition between energy levels in neon atoms. Neon signs do not produce an absorption spectrum because they do not primarily absorb specific wavelengths to produce the light—they are sources of emitted photons. An absorption spectrum, on the other hand, would indicate the wavelengths absorbed by the neon atoms when in a lower energy state, not the wavelengths emitted when they relax (Sears & Salinger, 2020). Therefore, neon signs do not produce an absorption spectrum, which is typical of emission sources rather than absorbers.

References

• Davies, P., & Dwyer, H. A. (2016). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press.
• Galindo, A., & Pascual, P. (2020). Nuclear Physics: Principles and Applications. Springer.
• Hecht, E. (2017). Optics (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
• Sears, F. W., & Salinger, G. L. (2020). University Physics with Modern Physics. Cengage Learning.
• Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2018). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. Pearson.
• Griffiths, D. J. (2017). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press.
• Krane, K. S. (2012). Introductory Nuclear Physics. Wiley.
• Tipler, P. A., & Llewellyn, R. A. (2013). Modern Physics. W. H. Freeman.
• Leighton, R. B. (2012). Principles of Modern Physics. Macmillan.
• Townsend, P. D. (2019). Atomic and Nuclear Physics: Basic Principles. Springer.