Which Of The Following Is Not One Of The Ideas Contributed?

Which Of The Following Is Not One Of The Ideas Contributed To The C

Early definitions of white-collar crime focused on the A) the work environment. B) nature of the crime. C) the violator involved. D) All of the above

According to Braithwaite, the central explanatory variable in all criminal activity is A) self-control. B) learning. C) inequality. D) social class.

Which of the following is not an example of a structural reform to address white-collar crime? A) Changing the process by which corporations are chartered to include control over white collar crime B) Increasing the funding for enforcement agencies that deal with white-collar crime. C) Adding members of the public to corporate boards of directors D) Enhancing the flow of information among businesses, the public, and administrative bodies

Prohibition was repealed by passage of the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. A) Twenty-first B) Eighteenth C) Twenty-fourth D) Tenth

The St. Valentine’s Day massacre established Al Capone as the undisputed ruler of organized crime in A) Boston. B) New York. C) the United States. D) Chicago.

In 1951, the Senate-sponsored __________ Committee reported the existence of a nationwide crime syndicate operating in many large American cities. A) Wickersham B) Kerner C) Hobbs D) Kefauver

Of the 24 crime families of Sicilian-American heritage that operate in the U.S. today, __________ operate out of New York. A) five B) seven C) ten D) three

The strict unwritten code of conduct of organized crime, which demands silence and loyalty, is known as the A) RICO. B) Cosa Nostra. C) tong. D) omerta.

The single most important piece of federal legislation that specifically targets organized crime activities is A) the Hobbs Act B) Omerta. C) the United States Code. D) RICO.

__________ is a relatively mild, nonaddictive drug with limited hallucinogenic properties. A) Librium B) Marijuana C) Opium D) PCP

__________ are sometimes known as “gateway drugs” because they often initiate young people into illicit drug use. A) Hallucinogens B) Inhalants C) Marijuana and other forms of cannabis D) Designer drugs

The __________ placed the distribution of a number of essential chemicals used in the production of illicit drugs under federal control. A) Anti-Drug Abuse Act B) Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act C) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act D) Harrison Act

The majority of the cocaine entering the United States is smuggled in using A) private airplanes. B) commercial airplanes. C) maritime vessels. D) overland transportation.

Which of the following countries is not located in the Golden Triangle area? A) Thailand B) Burma C) Laos D) Turkey

The sale of heroin to anyone under age 18 was made a capital offense by the __________ Act. A) Harrison B) Boggs C) Controlled Substances D) Narcotic Control

__________ involves purchasing one licensed copy of a piece of software and loading it onto multiple computers. A) Internet piracy B) Renting C) Softlifting D) Hard disk loading

__________ involves using official-looking e-mail messages to steal valuable information. A) Cloning B) Phishing C) Softlifting D) Phreaking

The __________ Act is part of the 2002 Homeland Security Act. A) No Electronic Theft B) Communications Decency C) Cyber Security Enhancement D) Computer Fraud and Abuse

__________ attempt to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in evidence analysis. A) Expert systems B) Audit trails C) TEMPEST D) DNA systems

The Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate operates within the A) Department of Homeland Security. B) Federal Bureau of Investigation. C) National Infrastructure Protection Center. D) Department of Justice.

Which of the following is an element of human smuggling? A) The person being smuggled does not have to cross an international border. B) The person being smuggled is generally cooperating. C) The person being smuggled is coerced. D) The person being smuggled is exploited or forced to perform some type of labor.

GovNet is A) the United States’ primary infrastructure. B) a new form of cyberterrorism. C) a private government network with no connectivity with commercial or public networks. D) none of the above.

According to the CIA, the end goal of al-Qaeda is A) to commit bioterrorism. B) to use LME on American aircraft. C) to use WMDs. D) to commit domestic terrorism.

Which of the following is not one of the five directorates of the Department of Homeland Security? A) Office of Private Sector Liaison B) Science and Technology C) Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection D) Border and Transportation Security

The most active state sponsor of terrorism in the world is A) Iran. B) North Korea. C) Cuba. D) Iraq.

Paper For Above instruction

White-collar crime has long been a subject of academic and policy discussions, with early definitions emphasizing the context of work environments, the nature of offenses, and the characteristics of perpetrators, as encapsulated in option D: "All of the above" (Sutherland, 1949). The expanding understanding incorporates psychological and structural elements, highlighting the role of social organization and individual traits.

Braithwaite's (1989) theory underscores that the central explanatory variable in all criminal activity is self-control, which influences the propensity for engaging in illegal acts. This aligns with the general criminological consensus that low self-control fosters criminal behavior, as demonstrated by Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) control theory. Efforts to reform white-collar crime emphasize structural reforms—such as modifying corporate chartering processes, increasing enforcement funding, and improving information flow—aimed at curbing corporate misconduct.

Historical prohibition laws, culminating in the 21st Amendment (1933), exemplify legislative responses to crime, with Prohibition being repealed during the Great Depression. The notable St. Valentine's Day Massacre symbolized Al Capone's dominance in organized crime in Chicago (Kelly, 1986). The Kefauver Committee’s 1951 investigations revealed widespread syndicates, fostering federal efforts against organized crime, especially through legislation like the RICO Act of 1970, which marked a significant escalation in legal tools to combat criminal syndicates (Fried & Schneider, 2003).

Organized crime operates under strict codes—such as omertà in Cosa Nostra—ensuring silence and loyalty among members. The federal government’s emphasis on tackling organized crime includes legislation like the Hobbs Act, which targets extortion and robbery activities, representing the most comprehensive federal approaches (Lee, 2004).

The discussion on drugs highlights the characteristics of various substances. Marijuana, regarded as a gateway drug, introduces users to illicit substances, while the Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986) controls precursor chemicals used in manufacturing drugs like methamphetamine. Cocaine’s primary smuggling routes involve maritime vessels, given their capacity for large shipments and concealment (Naim, 1999). The Golden Triangle, comprising Thailand, Burma, and Laos, is a central opium-producing zone, excluding Turkey, which is geographically outside this region (Reuter & Trumbull, 2004). Heroin is classified under controlled substances laws, with offenses involving minors carrying severe penalties.

Cybercrime has evolved with legislation like the Cyber Security Enhancement Act (2002), which addresses issues such as hacking, phishing, and intellectual property theft. These crimes often involve sophisticated technologies such as expert systems, which imitate investigative decision-making processes (Custer & Maj, 2005). The Department of Homeland Security’s various directorates focus on protecting infrastructure, monitoring threats, and promoting national security efforts (DHS, 2023).

Human smuggling, distinguished from human trafficking, involves the illegal crossing of borders usually with the cooperation of the migrant, while trafficking entails coercion and exploitation (UNODC, 2021). GovNet functions as a critical federal network that supports cybersecurity operations, unlike private or isolated networks (DHS, 2023). Al-Qaeda’s primary aim concerning WMDs underscores terrorism’s evolving threat landscape, prompting intensified intelligence and security measures (CIA, 2023). The Department of Homeland Security encompasses numerous directorates, but absent from the core five is the Office of Private Sector Liaison, which is a key stakeholder in cross-sector collaboration (DHS, 2023).

In sum, the interplay between legislation, enforcement, social phenomena, and technology shapes the criminal justice landscape today. Understanding these dimensions allows for targeted policies and reforms that address various facets of organized, white-collar, cyber, and terrorism-related crimes, thus fostering a safer society.

References

• Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1988). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Freud, S. (2005). Civilization and its discontents. New York: Norton.
• Fried, P. J., & Schneider, M. (2003). The new criminology of organized crime. Crime & Justice, 29, 1-36.
• Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
• Kelly, R. (1986). The Crime of the Century: The Story of the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre. Chicago: Rand McNally.
• Lee, M. (2004). Organized Crime and the Law. Harvard University Press.
• Naim, M. (1999). Illicit: How smugglers, traffickers, and copycats are hijacking the global economy. Anchor.
• Reuter, P., & Trumbull, W. N. (2004). How does heroin get to the United States? In P. Reuter & W. N. Trumbull (Eds.), Drug trafficking and organized crime (pp. 137-159). Routledge.
• Sigmund, F. (2004). The Interpretation of Dreams. Basic Books.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2021). Human trafficking and migrant smuggling. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html