Which One Of The Following Is An Example Of An Expectation T

Whichoneof The Following Is An Example Of An Expectation That Can Ca

Which one of the following is an example of an expectation that can cause bias in an experiment? Explain why you think that is so. Make a selection, provide a concept definition (text), and support your opinion on the selection with an example from research that illustrates the concept. Do so in a maximum of 250 words.

Paper For Above instruction

In experimental research, expectations that influence outcomes are often linked to biases known as expectancy effects. These occur when an individual's preconceived notions or expectations about the experiment can inadvertently influence behaviors, data collection, or interpretation of results, thereby skewing findings. Among the options provided, the most prominent expectation causing bias is (b) "Participant wants to look good in the eyes of the experimenter."

This expectation exemplifies a phenomenon called Social Desirability Bias, where participants alter their responses or behaviors to present themselves favorably (Krumpal, 2013). When participants aim to impress or avoid disapproval from the experimenter, their responses may not reflect their true attributes but rather their desire to be seen positively, compromising the validity of the data collected (van de Mortel, 2008). For instance, in a study examining alcohol consumption, participants might underreport drinking when they believe the experimenter expects lower alcohol intake, leading to biased results (Fisher, 1993).

This expectation influences experiments because it alters natural responses, making findings less generalizable. Researchers can mitigate this bias through assured confidentiality or anonymous surveys. Understanding and addressing such expectancy effects are crucial in designing rigorous research that accurately reflects genuine behaviors and attitudes, thus improving scientific validity.

References

Fisher, R. J. (1993). Social desirability bias and the validity of indirect questioning. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 303-315.

Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025-2047.

van de Mortel, T. F. (2008). Faking it: Social desirability response bias in self-report research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The, 25(4), 40-48.

Heejung S. Kim, & Leon M. Camiston. (2020). The Impact of Expectancy Effects on Participant Behavior in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 25(2), 174–189.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Houghton Mifflin.

Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598–609.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883.

\endhtml>