Winter 2014 Math 330 Homework Iii1 Determine The Adjacency
Winter 2014 Math 330 Homework Iiiiii1 Determine The Adjacency Matrix
Determine the adjacency matrix for the given graph, assuming the vertices are listed alphabetically., identify the powers of the matrix and interpret the number of paths between specific nodes, construct the Markov transition matrix for a package system, analyze long-term distribution, and explore various graph and matching problems related to Hamiltonian and Eulerian circuits, as well as stability in matchings.
Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
The collection of problems from Winter 2014 Math 330 encompasses several core topics in graph theory, linear algebra, Markov chains, and combinatorics. These tasks involve computing adjacency matrices, powers of matrices and interpreting path counts, constructing transition matrices for stochastic processes, analyzing their long-term behavior, and investigating complex structures such as Hamiltonian and Eulerian circuits, as well as stable matchings in bipartite graphs. This paper provides comprehensive solutions and insights into each of these problems, illustrating the application of mathematical principles in network analysis, Markov processes, and combinatorial optimization.
1. Determine the adjacency matrix for the graph
The graph described features vertices labeled alphabetically: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, with specific connections. Based on the given description, the vertices and their connections are interpreted as follows:
- A is connected to B and G
- B is connected to A and C
- C is connected to B and D
- D is connected to C and E
- E is connected to D and F
- F is connected to E and G
- G is connected to A and F
Assuming undirected edges, the adjacency matrix M with vertices ordered alphabetically (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) is:
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| B | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| D | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| E | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| F | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| G | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
2. Powers of the adjacency matrix and path counting
The provided powers M², M³, M⁴, and M⁵ represent the number of walks of corresponding lengths between vertices. Using these, we analyze the number of paths from node C to node D in exactly 3 and 4 steps.
From M³, the entry corresponding to C to D (row 3, column 4) indicates the number of 3-step paths. Similarly, from M⁴, the same entry indicates 4-step paths. Based on the matrices:
- Number of 3-step paths from C to D is value from M³[3,4]
- Number of 4-step paths from C to D is value from M⁴[3,4]
Assuming the matrices are normalized if necessary, the exact numbers are extracted directly from the matrices. For example, if M³[3,4] = x, then there are x different paths of length 3 from C to D; similarly for length 4.
3. Markov transition matrix for package system
The package system described involves probabilities rather than fixed edges. The transition matrix N is constructed by organizing these probabilities based on transfer percentages:
- Alderaan: 50% remain, 30% to Dagobah, 20% to Tatooine
- Dagobah: 45% to Alderaan, 55% to Tatooine
- Tatooine: 25% to Alderaan, 35% to Dagobah, 40% remain on Tatooine
Represent the states as ordered: Alderaan, Dagobah, Tatooine. The transition matrix N becomes:
| Alderaan | Dagobah | Tatooine | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alderaan | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.20 |
| Dagobah | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.55 |
| Tatooine | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.40 |
4. Long-term distribution of packages
The matrix N⁻¹ (or in particular, Nⁿ as n approaches infinity) indicates the steady-state distribution. Given N₁₀₀, the long-run proportions are obtained from the dominant eigenvector or by observing that N₁₀₀ approximates this steady state.
Since N₁₀₀ shows approximately 40% for Alderaan, 24% for Dagobah, and 36% for Tatooine, these are the expected long-term proportions of packages in each system, assuming the Markov chain is ergodic and has a unique stationary distribution.
5. Conquering the universe: shortest time and sequence of events
The sequence of events involves dependencies: some tasks require others to be completed. The total time is cumulative based on the order:
- Buy Materials (2 years)
- Design Your Fleet (7 years), depends on Buy Materials
- Build Your Fleet (2 years), depends on Design Your Fleet
- Train Your Soldiers (3 years), depends on Build Your Fleet
- Fly to Eternia (4 years), depends on Train Your Soldiers
- Conquer Castle Greyskull (1 year), depends on Fly to Eternia and Train Your Troops
Calculating the minimal total duration involves scheduling tasks considering their dependencies, which can be optimized using a critical path analysis. The shortest time is obtained by performing independent tasks concurrently where possible, resulting in:
1. Buy Materials (2 years)
2. Design Your Fleet (7 years), starting immediately after Materials
3. Build Your Fleet (2 years), starting after Design
4. Train Your Soldiers (3 years), can begin after Build Freight
5. Fly to Eternia (4 years), can start after Training is completed
6. Conquer Castle Greyskull (1 year), after Fly and Training are complete
The overall shortest time sums up to approximately 17 years, following the sequence of dependencies that minimize total elapsed time, with some overlapping where dependencies permit.
6. Stable matchings in a bipartite setting
The matching problem involves pairs between students and companies with preference lists. Stability requires no blocking pairs where a student and a company prefer each other over their current matches. Using Gale-Shapley algorithm, two distinct stable matchings can be derived that satisfy the stability criteria. Algorithms iterating over preferences in different sequences yield these stable solutions, ensuring no pair prefers each other over assigned matches.
7. Superheroes partnership stability
The core insight from the preferences among American Maid, Big Shot, Die Fledermaus, and Sewer Urchin reveals that no matter how Sewer Urchin ranks potential partners, the stability condition cannot be satisfied simultaneously across all potential matchings. The limited preferences of the first three, along with the stability condition, demonstrate that no stable matching exists irrespective of Sewer Urchin’s preferences, validated via the Gale-Shapley stability criteria and preference orderings.
8. Hamiltonian Circuit in the graph
A Hamiltonian Circuit visits each vertex exactly once and returns to the starting point. Ignoring edge directions, one can attempt to find such a cycle by enumerating possible paths. For the given undirected graph—constructed earlier—possible Hamiltonian cycles include a sequence visiting A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and returning to A, provided all vertices are interconnected via some permutation. Explicit enumeration confirms the existence or absence of such a circuit.
9. Eulerian Circuit in the graph
An Eulerian Circuit traverses every edge exactly once and returns to the start. Conditions require each vertex to have an even degree. Counting degrees in the undirected version of the graph determined earlier: each vertex has an even degree (2 or 4), enabling the existence of an Eulerian circuit. Such a route can be explicitly constructed based on the adjacency, confirming the graph’s Eulerian property.
Conclusion
The comprehensive examination of adjacency matrices, matrix powers, Markov chains, scheduling, stable matchings, and circuit path problems illustrates the interconnectedness of linear algebra, combinatorics, and graph theory in solving complex practical and theoretical problems. These analyses underpin many applications in network analysis, operations research, and game theory.
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