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Both perspectives underscore the centrality of culture as a deep-rooted and influential aspect of human interaction. Levi-Strauss emphasizes that culture influences biological traits, intertwining evolution and cultural development (Jandt, 2004, p. 6). Hofstede highlights that underlying cultural values—such as power distance and individualism—shape behavior and communication (Jandt, 2004, p. 9). Recognizing these ingrained values fosters respect and understanding in intercultural exchanges. Acknowledging cultural differences prevents miscommunication and conflict. As Jandt notes, awareness of cultural dimensions enables more effective dialogue, emphasizing that respecting cultural uniqueness is essential for harmonious interactions (Jandt, 2004).

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Culture, as a complex construct, profoundly influences human behavior, communication, and societal development. According to Jandt (2004), culture encompasses a wide array of meanings, ranging from historical and behavioral perspectives to inherited traditions. Levi-Strauss's structuralist view posits that culture seeks harmonies that distinguish societies from one another, emphasizing that cultural differences can be seen as vital contributions rather than deficiencies (Jandt, 2004, p. 1). This perspective aligns with the understanding that each culture develops its unique expressions based on its aspirations and historical context.

Furthermore, Jandt discusses the differential number of human cultures versus races, illustrating the vast diversity of cultural practices and beliefs that shape societies globally. Cultures can be classified into two categories: isolated features and systemized contributions. Isolated features are unique and limited, whereas systemized contributions express broader human aspirations systematically. The true essence of a culture lies in its differences from others, which define its identity and richness (Jandt, 2004). The importance of recognizing these differences becomes especially apparent in intercultural communication, where misunderstandings often arise due to a lack of awareness of cultural distinctions.

Geert Hofstede's framework offers a practical approach to understanding cultural differences in a globalized context. He categorizes cultural traits into symbols, heroes, rituals, and values, with values representing the deepest layer of culture (Jandt, 2004). Hofstede's five dimensions—power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation—serve as tools for understanding how cultural values influence behavior and communication styles (Jandt, 2004). Recognizing these dimensions helps avoid cultural clashes by fostering respect and empathy in diverse interactions.

Levi-Strauss's assertion that biological traits were influenced by cultural dynamics highlights the inseparability of biology and culture. It underscores that culture is a defining feature of human existence, shaping perceptions and behaviors from an early age (Jandt, 2004). Hofstede's emphasis on values aligns with this, illustrating that beneath observable customs lie core beliefs that guide societal conduct. In intercultural settings, awareness of these ingrained values fosters respectful dialogue, prevents misinterpretations, and enhances cooperation. As Jandt emphasizes, understanding and respecting cultural differences is essential for effective intercultural communication (Jandt, 2004).

References

• Jandt, Fred E., ed. 2004. Intercultural Communication: A Global Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Hofstede, Geert. 2001. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Hall, Edward T. 1976. Beyond Culture. New York: Anchor Books.
• Holliday, Adrian. 2011. Intercultural Communication and Ideology. London: Sage Publications.
• Kramsch, Claire. 1998. Language and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1963. "Structuralism." In Structural Anthropology, translated by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, 15-32. New York: Basic Books.
• Hall, Edward T., and Mildred Reed Hall. 1990. Understanding Cultural Differences. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
• Samovar, Larry A., Richard E. Porter, and Edwin R. McDaniel. 2010. Communication Between Cultures. 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth.
• Fang, T. 2012. "Understanding Cross-Cultural Communication." Country Studies, 56(4): 65-80.
• Ting-Toomey, Stella, and Leeva C. K. Chung. 2012. Understanding Intercultural Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.