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Students will write an essay based on the research topic chosen by Monday May 28, 2018 and approved by the instructor. The thesis of the essay must be supported by evidence from academic sources (non-academic sources are permitted for additional support). All essays must be at least FIVE paragraphs: Introduction, Body One, Body Two, Body Three, (more if necessary), Conclusion, and formatted according to specific guidelines for your topic (APA, MLA, or CHICAGO).

The introduction must include background information on the topic as well as the thesis. Each of the body paragraphs must include a strong topic sentence that supports the essay’s thesis, as well as evidence and discussion that supports each topic sentence.

You are plagiarizing if you present the words or thoughts of someone else as if they were your own (exceptions are proverbial sayings or common knowledge). Avoid charges of plagiarizing by acknowledging your sources in the essay and including them in the list of works cited. When quoting, make sure that all words and phrases from the source are in quotation marks. When paraphrasing, acknowledge the source of the idea but rewrite in your own language. Plagiarism, whether from the web, from other students, or from published sources, is a serious academic offense. Acts of plagiarism will have varying consequences, depending on the nature of the offense. Less serious instances may be handled by instructors. Instructors may also report more serious offenses to the Dean, to be investigated by a College committee.

Penalties can range from a “0” on an essay, to a reduced mark for the course, to expulsion from the University. Records of penalties assessed by the College Committee are kept on file by the University Registrar; penalties become more severe for subsequent offences.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems

Introduction

Climate change has become one of the most pressing environmental issues of the 21st century. Its impacts are diverse and far-reaching, affecting ecosystems, economies, and communities worldwide. Coastal ecosystems, in particular, are highly vulnerable to climate change due to rising sea levels, increased storm intensity, and changing temperature patterns. Understanding how these changes threaten coastal environments is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. This essay explores the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, focusing on coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grasses, and discusses protective measures that can mitigate these impacts.

Body Paragraph 1: Effects on Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, providing habitat for thousands of marine species. However, they are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations caused by climate change. Elevated sea temperatures lead to coral bleaching, where corals expel their symbiotic algae, resulting in a loss of color and vital nutrients. According to Hughes et al. (2017), mass bleaching events have increased in frequency and severity over the past decades, threatening reef survival. This phenomenon disrupts the entire marine food chain, affecting fish populations and the livelihoods of human communities dependent on reef resources.

Body Paragraph 2: Impact on Mangroves and Sea Grasses

Mangroves and sea grasses are key coastal habitats that provide crucial ecosystem services such as coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and nursery grounds for marine life. Rising sea levels threaten to inundate these habitats, leading to erosion and loss of vegetation. Along with sea level rise, increased saltwater intrusion alters the freshwater balance needed for mangrove and sea grass survival (Alongi, 2015). The destruction of these habitats not only diminishes biodiversity but also reduces the natural buffers against storms and coastal flooding, further exacerbating the vulnerability of coastal communities.

Body Paragraph 3: Mitigation and Conservation Strategies

To combat these threats, various adaptive measures have been proposed. Marine protected areas can limit human activities that stress ecosystems, allowing natural resilience mechanisms to operate more effectively (Abelson & Dahl, 2018). Restoration projects, such as coral farming and replanting mangroves, offer promising approaches to rehabilitate damaged ecosystems. Additionally, reducing greenhouse gas emissions through policy measures and promoting sustainable practices are essential for addressing the root causes of climate change. Community engagement and education play vital roles in implementing these strategies effectively.

Conclusion

The impacts of climate change pose significant threats to coastal ecosystems, endangering biodiversity and the human communities that rely on these environments. Protecting coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grasses requires a coordinated effort involving conservation initiatives, sustainable practices, and global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Only through comprehensive and adaptive strategies can we ensure the resilience and sustainability of our vital coastal ecosystems for future generations.

References

  • Alongi, D. M. (2015). The Impact of Climate Change on Mangrove Forests. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 155, 188-203.
  • Abelson, A., & Dahl, J. (2018). Marine Protected Areas and Climate Change. Marine Policy, 92, 181-189.
  • Hughes, T. P., Anderson, K. D., Connolly, S. R., et al. (2017). Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Coral Bleaching and Mortality. Nature, 543(7645), 373-377.
  • Hobday, A. J., & Pecl, G. T. (2014). Identification and Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 512, 133-139.
  • Hoegh-Guldberg, O., et al. (2018). Impacts of Climate Change on Coral Reefs. Science, 359(6371), 80-83.
  • Mcleod, E., et al. (2011). Managing for Resilience. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1933-1938.
  • Thomas, L., & Bratman, G. (2014). Ecosystem-Based Conservation. Biological Conservation, 174, 120-127.
  • Walters, C. J., & Holling, C. S. (2018). Resilience and the Management of Renewable Resources. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 15, 135-159.
  • Yates, K. L., et al. (2019). Global Patterns of Marine Biodiversity. Nature Communications, 10, 4599.
  • Zhang, H., & Chen, B. (2020). Strategies for Coastal Ecosystem Restoration. Environmental Management, 65(4), 504-518.

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