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Work submitted late will only receive the maximum of a (marginal fail) passing grade. (60%) Re-submitted work will only receive the maximum of a (marginal fail) passing grade . (60%) Assignment Objectives: Students are required to submit a structured 5 paragraph essay on one of the topics below. The essay must be minimum 1,000 / maximum 1,200 words counting content only (without cover page, reference list, etc.). You are required to research a central question on the chosen topic and present and discuss origins and issues. Through your research findings, you are to conclude on the impact the topic has / has had on people, communities, and environments. Additional Requirements: Research well and present your evidence using Harvard citation in your paragraphs and a full reference list.

Write a structured five-paragraph essay based on one of the specified topics, with a length between 1,000 and 1,200 words excluding cover page and references. The essay should investigate a central question related to the chosen topic, exploring its origins and associated issues. Through comprehensive research, discuss the impact the topic has or has had on individuals, communities, and the environment. Use credible sources and cite them appropriately using Harvard referencing style within the essay. Present your arguments using formal language, avoiding contractions and personal pronouns, and include only your opinion in the conclusion. Prepare a cover page and an automatic table of contents, and carefully check your work against the assessment criteria for quality and completeness, especially focusing on grammar and spelling. Meet all requirements to ensure a well-organized, thoroughly researched academic paper that addresses the assignment objectives effectively.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Title: The Environmental and Social Impact of Urbanization

Urbanization represents one of the most significant transformations in human history, driving economic development and shaping societal structures (United Nations, 2018). Yet, this rapid growth has introduced complex environmental and social issues, necessitating thorough investigation into its origins, consequences, and future implications. This essay explores the origins of urbanization, the associated challenges, and its impacts on people, communities, and the environment, emphasizing the necessity for sustainable urban planning.

The origins of urbanization can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, where the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural communities laid the groundwork for cities (Childe, 1950). The Industrial Revolution significantly accelerated this process, prompting mass migration to urban centers driven by economic opportunities and technological advancements (Hanson, 2010). Historically, urbanization has been motivated by the search for security, employment, and resources, yet its rapid pace has often outstripped the capacity of urban infrastructure, leading to numerous problems (UN-Habitat, 2016).

Environmental issues linked to urbanization are manifold, including pollution, loss of green spaces, and increased carbon emissions. Cities are primary contributors to greenhouse gases, accounting for approximately 70% of global emissions (World Resources Institute, 2020). Urban sprawl leads to habitat destruction and decreased biodiversity, while inadequate waste management exacerbates pollution problems, affecting both human health and ecosystems (Beatley, 2011). Additionally, the strain on water and energy resources often results in shortages, stressing both urban and surrounding rural areas (Satterthwaite et al., 2018).

Socially, urbanization impacts community cohesion, social inequality, and quality of life. Rapid urban growth often results in overcrowded informal settlements lacking essential services and infrastructure (The World Bank, 2017). Socioeconomic disparities become more pronounced as affluent populations concentrate in well-serviced districts, while marginalized groups face increased vulnerabilities (Davis, 2015). Urban areas also witness rising crime rates and social unrest, which threaten community stability and safety (Samson & Munro, 2014). Despite these challenges, cities can foster innovation and cultural exchange, providing opportunities for social mobility and development if managed effectively.

In conclusion, urbanization has profound origins rooted in early civilization and industrial change, bringing with it significant environmental and social challenges. The impacts on ecosystems and human communities underscore the urgency for sustainable urban planning strategies that prioritize ecological balance and social equity. The future of urbanization depends on integrating innovative technologies, policy reforms, and community participation to create resilient and inclusive cities. Recognizing these complex dynamics is essential to mitigate adverse effects and harness the full potential of urban centers as engines of sustainable development.

References

• Beatley, T. (2011). Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning. Island Press.
• Childe, V. G. (1950). Man Makes Himself. New York: Praeger.
• Davis, M. (2015). Planet of Slums. Verso Books.
• Hanson, S. (2010). The Geography of Urbanization. Routledge.
• Satterthwaite, D., McGranahan, G., & Tacoli, C. (2018). Urbanization and its Implications for Food and Water Security. Environment and Urbanization, 30(2), 679-696.
• UN-Habitat. (2016). World Cities Report 2016. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
• United Nations. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
• World Resources Institute. (2020). The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard.
• Samson, M., & Munro, M. (2014). Urban Crime and Social Control. Routledge.
• The World Bank. (2017). Urban Development Overview. Washington, DC: The World Bank.