Write A Comprehensive Medical Report On A Disease We Have St ✓ Solved
Write A Comprehensive Medical Report On A Disease We Have Studied Up T
Write a comprehensive medical report on a disease we have studied up to this point. Be sure to include all relevant medical history, testing/diagnostics, treatment options, and recommended plan of action. Paper should be in APA format and 4–6 pages submitted to the Submissions Area.
Sample Paper For Above instruction
Comprehensive Medical Report on Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, leading to hyperglycemia. As one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, T2DM presents significant health burdens, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2020). Understanding the medical history, diagnostic procedures, treatment options, and management strategies is essential for effective patient care and improved outcomes.
Medical History
The medical history of a typical patient diagnosed with T2DM often reveals risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and age over 45 years (World Health Organization [WHO], 2016). Patients commonly present with symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and fatigue. It is also critical to assess comorbid conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, which are prevalent in this population (Zheng et al., 2018). Past medical history, medication usage, and lifestyle habits are documented to guide individualized treatment plans.
Testing and Diagnostics
Diagnosis of T2DM utilizes several laboratory tests. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures blood sugar after an overnight fast, with levels ≥126 mg/dL indicating diabetes (ADA, 2020). The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) evaluates blood glucose response after a glucose load, with values ≥200 mg/dL confirming diagnosis. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects average blood glucose over three months, with levels ≥6.5% indicating diabetes (WHO, 2016). Additional tests, such as lipid profiles and kidney function tests, assess associated complications and comorbidities.
Treatment Options
Management of T2DM involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and regular monitoring. Lifestyle interventions, including diet adjustments emphasizing whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins, and physical activity, are foundational (Evert et al., 2019). Pharmacological treatment typically begins with metformin, a biguanide that decreases hepatic glucose production and enhances insulin sensitivity (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2020). Additional medications may include sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, or insulin therapy as disease progresses.
Recent advances focus on individualized treatment plans targeting specific patient needs and comorbidities. For example, SGLT2 inhibitors have shown cardiovascular benefits, making them suitable for patients with existing cardiovascular disease (Zhou et al., 2020). Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, HbA1c, lipid profile, and renal function guides ongoing management.
Recommended Plan of Action
An optimal management strategy involves a multidisciplinary approach. Regular follow-up assessments should evaluate glycemic control and detect complications early. Education on lifestyle modifications and medication adherence is vital. For patients with significant comorbidities, coordinated care involving endocrinologists, cardiologists, dietitians, and primary care providers ensures comprehensive management.
In cases of poor glycemic control despite optimal treatment, adjustments may include medication titration, addition of insulin, or addressing potential barriers such as medication side effects or socioeconomic factors (ADA, 2020). Patient empowerment through education and behavioral interventions enhances compliance and improves long-term outcomes.
Conclusion
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a complex and multifaceted disease requiring precise diagnosis and personalized treatment. Understanding the disease's medical history, employing accurate diagnostic tools, implementing effective treatment options, and establishing a comprehensive management plan are crucial steps to reduce morbidity and enhance quality of life for affected individuals. Continued research and emerging therapies hold promise for further improving patient outcomes.
References
American Diabetes Association. (2020). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Supplement 1), S1–S212. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S001
Evert, A. B., Dennison, M., Gardner, C. D., Garvey, W. T., Lau, K. H., MacLeod, J., ... & Colón-Ramos, U. (2019). Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: A position statement. Diabetes Care, 42(5), 731-747. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0014
World Health Organization. (2016). Global report on diabetes. Geneva: WHO.
Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151
Zhou, W., Liu, J., Zhao, D., & Hu, Z. (2020). Cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 17(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-019-0257-0