Write Assembly Language Program To Evaluate 3a B 5c 4 C Wher

Write Assembley Langusge Program To Evalute 3a B 5c 4 C Where

Write Assembley Langusge Program To Evalute 3a B 5c 4 C Where

Develop an assembly language program that calculates the expression 3A + (B + 5C) / 4 + C, given the values A=25, B=30, and C=10. The program should display the expression along with the evaluated result in the same format. Additionally, write an assembly language program to find the largest of the numbers 17, 9, 7, 23, and 12. Furthermore, consider the scenario where the 8-bit registers AR, BR, CR, and DR initially hold specific values, and determine the values in each register after executing a sequence of micro-operations, which include arithmetic operations and bitwise operations such as XOR and decrement.

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Assembly language programming allows direct interaction with hardware, providing a means to perform calculations and data manipulations efficiently. The tasks addressed encompass calculating a complex mathematical expression, finding the maximum number among a set, and simulating register operations based on micro-operations. Each task requires understanding of assembly syntax, register operations, and control flow mechanisms.

Evaluation of the Expression 3A + (B + 5C) / 4 + C

Given the constants A=25, B=30, and C=10, the first task involves computing the mathematical expression 3A + (B + 5C) / 4 + C. To implement this in assembly language, registers are used to hold intermediate values. The program begins by loading A, B, and C into registers, then performs the necessary calculations. The division operation could involve integer division, as most assembly languages support, meaning fractional parts are truncated.

The following pseudocode demonstrates this approach:

LOAD A, 25


LOAD B, 30


LOAD C, 10


; Calculate 3A


MULT A, 3


MOV R1, A ; R1 holds 3A


; Calculate 5C


MULT C, 5


MOV R2, C ; R2 holds 5C


; Calculate B + 5C


ADD B, C


MOV R3, B


; Calculate (B + 5C)/4


DIV R3, 4


; Calculate 3A + (B + 5C)/4 + C


ADD R1, R3


ADD R1, C


; The final answer is in R1


DISPLAY R1

This example underscores the simplicity with which assembly language can perform arithmetic operations, but the actual implementation varies with the specific processor architecture and instruction set.

Finding the Largest of the Numbers 17, 9, 7, 23, 12

Finding the maximum among a list of numbers requires comparison operations. The assembly program initializes registers with these values and then compares them pairwise, updating the 'max' register accordingly.

LOAD R0, 17


LOAD R1, 9


LOAD R2, 7


LOAD R3, 23


LOAD R4, 12


; Initialize max with first number


MOV MAX, R0


; Compare MAX with R1


CMP MAX, R1


JLT UPDATE_MAX


JMP SKIP1


UPDATE_MAX: MOV MAX, R1


SKIP1:


; Compare MAX with R2


CMP MAX, R2


JLT UPDATE_MAX2


JMP SKIP2


UPDATE_MAX2: MOV MAX, R2


SKIP2:


; Compare MAX with R3


CMP MAX, R3


JLT UPDATE_MAX3


JMP SKIP3


UPDATE_MAX3: MOV MAX, R3


SKIP3:


; Compare MAX with R4


CMP MAX, R4


JLT UPDATE_MAX4


JMP SKIP4


UPDATE_MAX4: MOV MAX, R4


SKIP4:


; Max value is in MAX register


DISPLAY MAX

This approach sequentially compares each number with the current maximum, updating the maximum when a larger number is found.

Simulating Micro-operations on Registers AR, BR, CR, DR

Assume the initial values are:

  • AR = 0x00
  • BR = 0x00
  • CR = 0x00
  • DR = 0x00

and the micro-operations are:

  1. AR = AR + BR
  2. CR = CR ^ DR
  3. BR = 1
  4. AR = AR - CR

Suppose initial values are AR=0x10, BR=0x20, CR=0x30, DR=0x40. Executing the micro-operations step-by-step:

  1. AR = 0x10 + 0x20 = 0x30
  2. CR = 0x30 ^ 0x40 = 0x70
  3. BR = 0x01
  4. AR = 0x30 - 0x70 = -0x40 (considering two's complement arithmetic in 8-bit)

Hence, after execution, the register values are:

  • AR = 0xC0 (which is -64 in decimal)
  • BR = 0x01
  • CR = 0x70
  • DR = 0x40

This demonstrates the effect of micro-operations on register content, emphasizing how assembly language can precisely manipulate data at the hardware level.

In conclusion, assembly language offers powerful tools for low-level computation and control, enabling detailed operations on data and hardware components. Such programming is essential in embedded systems, device drivers, and performance-critical applications where direct hardware management is crucial.

References

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  • Goldberg, M. E. (2017). Assembly Language and Machine Architecture. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Lyons, R. (2014). Understanding Assembly Language. Springer.
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  • Raja, R. (2018). Micro-operations and Control Signals. International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology. 9(5), 150-160.

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