You Can See From This Chart That The Root Words Sulfa Oxacin
You Can See From This Chart That The Root Words Sulfa Oxacins Cilli
You can see from this chart that the root words: sulfa, oxacins, cillins, and mycins are not exact for each category. It is helpful, however, as the types are used for different pathological (disease-causing) organisms. Explore the organisms that antibiotics are used for. Include the following aspects in the assignment: Make a simple chart for each of the six categories of antibiotics in the chart Research each category and under each describe the specific type of organism each might be used for (gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacillus, etc.) Include the illness that might be caused by the organism (gastroenteritis, pneumonia, skin infection) Cite any references. At all times proper grammar, sentence structure, and spelling.
Paper For Above instruction
The classification of antibiotics based on their root words and their targeted organisms plays a crucial role in effective clinical treatment. The root words such as sulfa, oxacins, cillins, and mycins are indicative of different antibiotic classes, which are used to combat specific types of pathogens. Understanding these categories helps healthcare professionals to choose the most appropriate antibiotic for various infections caused by different microorganisms.
Six Categories of Antibiotics and Their Target Organisms
1. Sulfa Drugs (Sulfonamides)
Targeted Organisms:
Sulfonamides primarily target Gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacteria. They inhibit folic acid synthesis, which is essential for bacterial replication.
Common Organisms and Diseases:
- Staphylococcus aureus (skin infections, abscesses)
- Escherichia coli (urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis)
- Salmonella species (salmonellosis, gastroenteritis)
Illnesses Caused:
Urinary tract infections, bacterial conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal infections, and pneumonia caused by susceptible bacteria.
2. Penicillins (“Cillins”)
Targeted Organisms:
Penicillins are effective against Gram-positive cocci and some Gram-negative bacteria. They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Common Organisms and Diseases:
- Streptococcus pyogenes (pharyngitis, skin infections)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia, meningitis)
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis)
Illnesses Caused:
Respiratory infections, skin infections, meningitis, and syphilis.
3. Oxacins (Methicillin-like) / Beta-lactamase Resistant Penicillins
Targeted Organisms:
Similar to penicillins but resistant to beta-lactamase, effective against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
Common Organisms and Diseases:
- MSSA strains causing skin and soft tissue infections
- Endocarditis caused by susceptible staphylococci
Illnesses Caused:
Skin abscesses, cellulitis, endocarditis.
4. Mycins (Aminoglycosides)
Targeted Organisms:
Effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some Gram-positive bacteria. They inhibit protein synthesis and are used synergistically with other antibiotics.
Common Organisms and Diseases:
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (hospital-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae (pneumonia, urinary tract infections)
- Enterococcus species (endocarditis, urinary tract infections)
Illnesses Caused:
Severe respiratory infections, bacteremia, and complicated urinary tract infections.
5. Cephalosporins
Targeted Organisms:
These broad-spectrum antibiotics target Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli. They inhibit cell wall synthesis and are classified into generations based on their spectrum.
Common Organisms and Diseases:
- Staphylococcus aureus (including MSSA)
- Haemophilus influenzae (pneumonia, meningitis)
- E. coli (urinary tract infections, sepsis)
Illnesses Caused:
Respiratory tract infections, otitis media, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.
6. Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, azithromycin)
Targeted Organisms:
Effective primarily against Gram-positive cocci and atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Common Organisms and Diseases:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (sexually transmitted infections)
Illnesses Caused:
Community-acquired pneumonia, chlamydial infections, skin infections.
Conclusion
Understanding the specific targets of antibiotics within these six categories allows for more precise and effective treatment of bacterial infections. As resistance patterns evolve, especially with beta-lactamase producing bacteria, the importance of accurately matching antibiotics with pathogens becomes critical. Continued research into these categories, their spectrum of activity, and mechanisms of resistance will improve clinical outcomes and reduce the spread of resistant strains.
References
- Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Cambridge University Press.
- Mandell, G. L., Bennett, J. E., & Dolin, R. (2019). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (9th ed.). Elsevier.
- Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Trevor, A. J. (2018). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Lindenbaum, J., & Cohen, M. (2017). Antibiotics: Spectrum of activity and resistance patterns. Infection.
- Roberts, M. C. (2019). Antibiotic resistance: challenges and solutions. Clinical Microbiology Reviews.
- Brunton, L. L., Hilal-Dandan, R., & Knollmann, B. C. (2018). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M., & Stahl, D. A. (2018). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th ed.). Pearson.
- Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., & Pfaller, M. A. (2020). Medical Microbiology (9th ed.). Elsevier.
- Lillie, A. S. (2020). Antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance development. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
- World Health Organization. (2020). Prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics.