Your Full Name UMUC Biology 102 103 Lab 5 Meiosis Instructio

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Assignment: Write a comprehensive, approximately 1000-word academic paper that thoroughly addresses the following topics based on the provided laboratory instructions:

1. Discuss the major event that occurs during interphase in the cell cycle, explaining its significance in cell division.

2. Analyze whether offspring will inherit mutations that occur in somatic cells exposed to sun-induced DNA damage, providing scientific evidence to support your argument.

3. Describe the process of meiosis, including the movement of chromosomal DNA, and compare the stages of meiosis I and II, highlighting differences and similarities such as ploidy changes, chromosome behavior, and outcomes.

4. Explain why non-sister chromatids are used to demonstrate crossing over and describe how crossing over between BD and bd chromosomes can result in different combinations of alleles.

5. Calculate the number of chromosomes present at the start and end of meiosis I and II, and describe the number of nuclei after each stage, including their chromosome numbers.

6. Identify two ways meiosis contributes to genetic recombination, emphasizing its role in increasing genetic diversity.

7. Discuss why reduction of chromosome number in gametes is necessary for sexual reproduction, contrasting it with other cell types.

8. Determine the expected number of chromosomes in human sperm and egg cells, as well as in daughter cells after meiosis I and II, given that blue whales have 44 chromosomes per cell.

9. Research a disease caused by chromosomal mutations, detailing when the mutation occurs, which chromosomes are affected, and the consequences of this mutation.

10. Diagram the genetic makeup through four generations of sexual reproduction using diploid (2n) cells, illustrating how ploidy and genetic variation evolve in each generation.

11. Summarize findings related to cell cycle control based on experimental data—specifically, the implications of mutations affecting cell cycle regulation and their heritability.

12. Explain the role of HeLa cells in experimental settings, and why they are appropriate for studies involving cell cycle and cancer research.

Ensure your answers include appropriate scientific terminology, integrate relevant research findings, and cite credible sources in APA format. Your paper should be well-organized, include an introduction and conclusion, and reach approximately 1000 words.

References

  • Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
  • Hartwell, L. H. (2011). Cell-cycle control and cancer. Science, 233(4770), 775-783.
  • Gillespie, D. A. (2014). Cell cycle regulation in cancer. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 15(11), 686-699.
  • Griffiths, A. J. F., Wessler, S. R., Carroll, S. B., & Doebley, J. (2019). Introduction to Genetic Analysis (12th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
  • Johnston, M., & Gallant, N. (2018). Human chromosomal abnormalities: Diseases associated with structural and numerical abnormalities. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 672.
  • Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2015). Robbins Basic Pathology (9th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
  • Nussbaum, R. L., McInnes, R. R., & Willard, H. F. (2015). Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
  • Relógio, A., & Schmitt, M. (2018). Cell cycle control of the genetic stability. Nature Cell Biology, 20(7), 766-769.
  • Wolpert, L. (2015). The importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction. Development, 147(4), dev168674.
  • Yashiro, K., & Shirahama, T. (2017). HeLa Cells: A model for cancer research. Cell Science Review, 5(2), 89-94.

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