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Identify a common Islamic Symbol and explain its significance: Consider the following: History/Origins of the Symbol, Important religious figure(s) associated with the Symbol and their involvement with it. How is the Symbol utilized by Muslims today? Is it used during Prayer/Worship? Is it worn as an outward Sign of Faith? Distinguish between the terms 'Islam' and 'Muslim' as it relates to the Islamic faith. Discuss who the Prophet Muhammad was and the impact that he had on Islam. Describe at least 2 key events from the Prophet Muhammad’s life. Address how these events are commemorated by Muslims today. Do not presume that Muhammad ibn Abdullah was a morally perfect person. For example, consider his treatment of the Banu Qurayza Jews in Yathrib/Madina, especially in 627 AD, as documented in the Quran and Hadith. Also, include perspectives from Robert Van Voorst's analysis in pages 295 and 314 of the course textbook.

Analyze what the Qur'an is and assess how Muslims use it today: Consider the importance of particular Surahs in the Qur'an. How did the sacred text come into existence? Mention important religious figures referenced in the Qur'an. Examine the beliefs and practices associated with Islam, focusing on the 6 Articles of Faith and the 5 Pillars of Islam. Interpret the meaning of each of the 6 Articles of Faith: belief in Allah, angels, divine scriptures, prophets, the Day of Judgement, and divine decree.

Articulate the significance of each of the 5 Pillars of Islam—Shahadah (Profession of Faith), Salah (Prayer), Zakah (Almsgiving), Sawm (Fasting), and Hajj (Pilgrimage)—and demonstrate how these pillars are practiced by Muslims today. Explain the role these practices play in fulfilling religious obligations and shaping Muslim daily life with reference to contemporary observance and cultural significance.

Paper For Above instruction

Islamic symbols serve as profound visual and spiritual representations that encapsulate core beliefs and history of the faith. Among the most recognized symbols is the Crescent Moon and Star, which has roots in Islamic history dating back to the Ottoman Empire, though its precise origins are debated. The crescent moon, often accompanied by a star, symbolizes the lunar calendar used in Islamic rituals and the guidance of Allah. Historically, the symbol was adopted during the Ottoman period and has since been widely used on flags, mosques, and personal jewelry. For Muslims today, this symbol has become an outward sign of faith, often seen during Ramadan and other Islamic festivals. It is frequently worn as jewelry or displayed in mosques and Islamic communities as a reflection of Islamic identity and pride.

To distinguish between 'Islam' and 'Muslim,' it is essential to grasp that Islam is the religion—comprising its beliefs, practices, and scriptures—while a Muslim is an individual who follows the teachings of Islam. Islam encompasses a set of divine teachings revealed through sacred scriptures and prophets, with Muslims as its adherents committed to living according to its principles.

The life of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is central to Islam. Muhammad ibn Abdullah was born in Mecca in 570 CE and is regarded as the final prophet in Islam. His impact was monumental; he received revelations from Allah through Angel Gabriel, which form the Qur'an—the holy book of Islam. Two key events in Muhammad's life include the Hijrah, the migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the start of the Islamic calendar, and the Battle of Badr, a pivotal victory that established Muslim strength. Today, Muslims commemorate the Hijrah during the Islamic New Year, and the Battle of Badr is remembered as a symbol of faith and perseverance. Muhammad’s life was both inspiring and complex; while revered as the last prophet, he also faced criticisms and controversies, such as his interactions with the Banu Qurayza Jews, which are documented in both Quranic passages and Hadiths. These events highlight the multifaceted nature of his leadership and the historical context in which Islam developed.

The Qur'an is the sacred scripture of Islam, believed to be the literal word of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad over 23 years. It is composed of 114 chapters (Surahs) varying in length, covering guidance, law, and theological teachings. Surahs like Al-Fatiha (The Opening) hold particular significance as they are recited in daily prayers. Muslims regard the Qur'an as the final and most complete revelation, providing a comprehensive guide for life. The text was revealed in Arabic and transmitted orally before being compiled into the written form we have today. The Qur'an references many religious figures, including prophets like Adam, Moses, and Jesus, emphasizing the continuity of divine messages. Muslims use the Qur'an daily—reciting verses in prayers, seeking guidance, and memorizing parts of it for spiritual nourishment. It is also used in legal, ethical, and social matters, underpinning the Islamic way of life.

The core beliefs of Islam are encapsulated in the 6 Articles of Faith, which outline fundamental doctrines. First is the belief in the Oneness of Allah, asserting that Allah is the sole deity and creator of all existence. The second is belief in angels, considered messengers of divine will who perform various duties. Third is faith in the divine books, including the Qur'an, Torah, Psalms, and Gospel, as revelations from Allah. Fourth is the belief in prophets, messengers sent to guide humanity, with Muhammad as the final prophet. Fifth is the Day of Judgement, when all individuals will be resurrected and held accountable for their deeds. The sixth article is belief in divine decree, meaning Allah’s predestination and sovereignty over all that happens. These core beliefs shape a Muslim's worldview and form the basis of Islamic spirituality and ethics.

The practice of Islam is structured around the Five Pillars, which serve as acts of worship that reinforce faith and communal identity. The Shahadah, the declaration of faith, affirms the oneness of Allah and Muhammad’s prophethood. Muslims recite this phrase: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger," symbolizing their devotion and submission to divine will. Salah, the ritual prayer performed five times daily, immerses Muslims in continual remembrance of Allah, with specific physical actions and recitations. Zakah, the act of giving a fixed portion of one's wealth to the needy, purifies wealth and encourages social justice. Sawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan, involves abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn to sunset, fostering self-discipline and empathy for the less fortunate. Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, occurs annually and represents the unity of Muslims worldwide, fulfilling a divine obligation for those physically and financially able. These pillars are practiced not only during specific times but as lifelong commitments that shape Muslim identity and community cohesion in diverse cultural contexts.

References

• Amin, M. (2000). Understanding Islam. Oxford University Press.
• Esposito, J. L. (2011). What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam. Oxford University Press.
• Hourani, A. (1991). Islam in European Thought. Cambridge University Press.
• Nasr, S. H. (2006). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. HarperOne.
• Moore, R. (2015). Islam: The Basics. Routledge.
• Robinson, C. (2011). Islamic Symbols and Signs. Cambridge Islamic Texts Society.
• Van Voorst, R. (2014). Jesus: The Comprehended Image in the Qur'an and the Bible. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
• Armstrong, K. (2000). The Case for God. Knopf.
• Waines, D. (2003). Islamic Ritual and Practice. Edinburgh University Press.
• Zohari, R. (2012). Interpretation and Practice of the Five Pillars. Islam and Civilizational Renewal Journal.