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Adapted Lesson Plan Worksheet class Subject class Topic s

Adapted Lesson Plan Worksheet

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Identify the fallacy in each of the statements below. Briefly explain your answer. Note: more than one fallacy may apply; try to identify the most fitting fallacy. (If you select more than one fallacy, they should apply to different phrases in the statement; explain how each apply.)

1. "A group of self-appointed 'life-style police' are pushing to control many aspects of our daily lives. If they succeed, we lose our basic right to free choice. Today they're targeting smoking. What's next? Red meat? Leather? Coffee? If fifty million smokers can lose their rights anyone can." {From an ad for the National Smokers Alliance}

2. You can't expect insight and credibility from the recent book The Feminist Challenge because its author David Bouchier is, obviously, a man.

3. Politicians can't be trusted because they lack integrity.

4. How long must we allow our courts to go on coddling criminals?

5. Why is it okay for people to choose the best house, the best schools, the best surgeon, the best car, but not try to have the best baby possible?" (A father's defense of the Nobel Prize winners' sperm bank)

6. Anyone who truly cares about preserving the American way of life will vote Republican this fall.

7. When the Supreme Court ruled that school officials need not obtain search warrants or find "probable cause" while conducting reasonable searches of students, they violated freedoms guaranteed under the Bill of Rights. If you allow a teacher to look for a knife or drugs, you'll soon have strip searches and next, torture.

8. Since I walked under that ladder yesterday, I've lost my wallet and received a speeding ticket.

9. Sometimes, the best is not for everyone. (An ad for a "Parisian boutique")

10. While our diplomats in France were gathering intelligence, their diplomats in Washington were practicing espionage.

11. I recently read about a homeless man with a burst appendix who was turned away from a hospital emergency room to die in the street. It's obvious that hospitals don't care about people, only money.

12. Do the vastly inflated salaries paid to professional athletes lead them into drug abuse?

13. Reading test scores in public schools have declined dramatically. This decline was caused by the radical changes in teaching strategies introduced in the 1960s.

14. "I give so much pleasure to so many people. Why can't I get some pleasure for myself?" (Comedian John Belushi to his doctor in justification of his drug use)

15. We must either give up some of our constitutional liberties to ensure that the government can protect us against terrorism or we will again fall prey to terrorists.

Paper For Above Instructions

The purpose of this paper is to identify logical fallacies present in everyday statements and arguments, demonstrating how these fallacies can affect the validity of the claims being made. A logical fallacy can be defined as a flaw in reasoning that leads to invalid conclusions. It is crucial to recognize these fallacies to critically assess information, particularly in discussions of public policy, social issues, or political debates.

Identification of Logical Fallacies

Fallacy identification begins with a careful analysis of the given statements. For instance, the claim made in the ad for the National Smokers Alliance presents a slippery slope argument. It suggests that allowing lifestyle police to regulate smoking will inexorably lead to the regulation of red meat and leather—this is a classic example of the slippery slope fallacy, where an action is claimed to lead to a series of events without sufficient evidence for that progression (Walton, 2008).

The assertion that one cannot expect insight from a male author on feminism is a clear example of the ad hominem fallacy. This fallacy attacks the individual instead of engaging with the argument they present (Walton, 2008). Additionally, the claim regarding politicians lacking integrity may not be universally true and can be classified as a hasty generalization, as it presumes all politicians share the same characteristics without sufficient evidence (Kahane & Cavender, 2014).

Analysis of Fallacies in Everyday Statements

Fallacies are prevalent in our reasoning processes, as observed in common arguments. For example, claiming that since you walked under a ladder, you lost your wallet and received a speeding ticket invokes the false cause fallacy. In this case, correlations between unrelated events are improperly construed as causative relationships (Norrick, 2004).

Moreover, the assertion that hospitals prioritize profits over patient care, based on a single anecdote regarding a homeless man, reflects the hasty generalization fallacy. It draws a broad conclusion from an isolated case, which can lead to misguided beliefs about the healthcare system overall (Kahane & Cavender, 2014).

Some statements can also reflect a false dilemma. The implication that one must choose either to give up civil liberties or face terrorism ignores nuanced or alternative solutions to security needs (Walton, 2008). It presents a binary choice rather than allowing for a spectrum of options that can coexist peacefully.

My Own Examples of Logical Fallacies

In writing my own examples, I identified multiple fallacies. For instance, stating "my sister claims social status in high school is binary, either popular or nerdy" demonstrates the either/or fallacy. In reality, the social landscape of high schools is far more complex (Norrick, 2004).

Another example I encountered was when someone said "not going to college is best," which presents a stacking the deck fallacy. This person only discusses the benefits of skipping college without acknowledging its potential drawbacks (Kahane & Cavender, 2014).

Finally, pointing out a doctor’s weight to dismiss their health advice exemplifies the genetic fallacy. Here, the validity of recommendations is unjustly judged based solely on the provider's appearance (Walton, 2008).

Conclusion

Recognizing and analyzing logical fallacies is essential for promoting rational discourse. By scrutinizing arguments for fallacies, we enhance our critical thinking skills and are better equipped to engage in discussions that require careful thought and examination. In an era rife with misinformation, being able to identify logical fallacies will ensure more robust and constructive conversations.

References

• Kahane, H., & Cavender, A. (2014). Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life. Cengage Learning.
• Norrick, N. R. (2004). Conversational Joking: Humor in Everyday Talk. Indiana University Press.
• Walton, D. (2008). Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach. Cambridge University Press.
• Harris, R. (2011). The Logic Book. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
• Hitchcock, D. (2008). Fallacies. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Thagard, P. (2006). Hot Thought: Mechanisms and Applications of Emotional Cognition. MIT Press.
• Fisher, A. (2001). Critical Thinking: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
• Harris, J. (2013). Arguments and Fallacies. In Argumentation: The Handbook of Argumentation Theory, edited by A. B. Van Rees. Springer.
• Walton, D. N., & Gordon, T. F. (2005). The New Dialectic: Conversational Contexts of Argument. State University of New York Press.
• Scriven, M. (2001). Reasoning. In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by E. N. Zalta. Stanford University.