Answer Any Three Of The Nine Questions Listed Below

Answer Any Three Of the Nine Questions Listed Below You May Pick T

Answer any THREE of the nine questions listed below. You may pick three questions from the same chapter or three questions from two different chapters. It's entirely up to you. These three posts must have a minimum of 100 words each. Anything less will result in a grade of ZERO without the possibility of a make-up post.

QUESTIONS: Chapter 4: Epicurus

  1. Although Epicurus is a hedonist, he is clearly opposed to vulgar hedonism. Can you find additional arguments for or against the theory of vulgar hedonism? Is it not terribly “judgmental” for us to claim that some pleasures are “higher” or “lower” than others? Shouldn’t we just tolerate and accept differences of opinion in this area? Or does it make more sense to argue that there is a natural hierarchy of pleasures and pains?
  2. Epicurus believes that fear of divine retribution is the greatest source of fear and anxiety. Do you agree with this assessment? Why or why not?
  3. Epicurus argues that the best and happiest way of life is one in which one seeks to satisfy the most basic, natural and necessary desires. Do you agree that embracing such a life of simplicity (no honor, fame, luxury or wealth) is really more conducive to happiness and tranquility than trying to “keep up with the Joneses”? If you said “yes,” then are you already taking measures to live in the Epicurean manner?

Chapter 5: St. Thomas Aquinas

  1. How would St. Thomas defend himself (if, indeed, such a defense is possible) against the charge of being “homophobic” (a word that did not exist in his time, but which is fairly common today)? Would you find his defense plausible? Why or why not?
  2. If one is not at all religious, is it still possible to take St. Thomas’ natural law principle seriously? Could it still be relied upon as a guide to living well? Explain.

Chapter 6: Thomas Hobbes

  1. Do you think that being self-interested is a bad thing? If so, why? If not, why not?
  2. Compare Christ’s Golden Rule with Hobbes’ Golden Rule. Which do you think is more effective in getting people to obey the laws, and why?
  3. Do you agree with Hobbes that our natural condition is one of lawlessness and violence? How do you think you would behave if you knew you could get away with whatever you wanted to? Do we only obey the laws out of fear of punishment?

Paper For Above instruction

In this essay, I will explore three selected questions from the provided prompts, addressing key philosophical debates surrounding Epicurus, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Thomas Hobbes. The goal is to critically analyze their positions and reflect on contemporary relevance, drawing from scholarly sources to support the discussion.

Question 1: Epicurean Hedonism and the Hierarchy of Pleasures

Epicurus’ hedonism emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good; however, he distinguishes between vulgar (superficial) pleasures and higher, more refined pleasures. Critics argue that creating a hierarchy among pleasures is judgmental and subjective, potentially leading to moral elitism. It raises the question: Is it fair to deem some pleasures superior to others? From an ethical perspective, this judgment may be seen as imposing a moral order that privileges certain experiences over others, which could be culturally biased or overly restrictive. Conversely, Epicurus’ view suggests that not all pleasures are equally conducive to long-term happiness. Higher pleasures—such as intellectual pursuits—are argued to yield more sustained satisfaction than superficial pleasures like indulgence in luxury. This hierarchy aligns with modern psychological research indicating that intrinsic, meaningful activities promote well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Thus, while the judgmental aspect may seem problematic, a hierarchy of pleasures may reflect an understanding that some experiences genuinely contribute more to human flourishing than others.

Question 2: Epicurus on Fear of Divine Retribution

Epicurus claims that fear of divine punishment is a primary source of human anxiety, advocating for the rational reconstruction of religious beliefs to alleviate this fear. This argument resonates with contemporary views suggesting that fear-driven religiosity can cause psychological distress. According to Psychologists like Freud (1927), religious fears are rooted in childhood anxiety, which, when challenged through rational inquiry, can diminish mental suffering. However, some might argue that divine retribution is not the chief source of anxiety in modern secular societies; instead, fear of social instability, health issues, or existential dread may dominate. Nonetheless, Epicurus’ insight remains relevant: removing irrational fears—whether about divine punishment or other unfounded beliefs—can lead to tranquility. Therefore, I largely agree that fear of divine retribution has historically amplified anxiety, and efforts to dispel such fears—through philosophy or education—are beneficial for mental health.

Question 3: The Virtue of a Simple Life in Epicurean Philosophy

Epicurus advocates for a life focused on basic, necessary desires—food, shelter, friendship—arguing this approach promotes happiness and tranquility. In modern society, this minimalist outlook challenges consumerism and the relentless pursuit of wealth and status. A simple life reduces material dependencies, thereby decreasing stress and fostering genuine human relationships, which are key contributors to well-being (Kasser, 2002). Personal anecdotal experiences reveal that living modestly often results in less anxiety and more satisfaction than trying to keep up with societal standards of success (Wikipedia, 2021). While critics argue that such a lifestyle may seem unattainable or dull, empirical research supports the idea that happiness correlates more strongly with social connections and meaningful pursuits than material wealth (Nettle, 2005). Therefore, embracing a life of simplicity aligns with both Epicurean ideals and contemporary psychological findings on happiness.

Conclusion

Engaging with these philosophical perspectives illuminates enduring debates about the nature of pleasure, fear, and happiness. Epicurus’ recognition of hierarchical pleasures and the importance of mental serenity through overcoming irrational fears remains inspiring. Equally, Aristotle’s and other ethicists’ emphasis on moderation and virtue complements these ideas, suggesting that a balanced approach to life fosters well-being. Philosophy continues to offer valuable insights into achieving personal tranquility amidst the complexities of modern life.

References

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
  • Freud, S. (1927). The Future of an Illusion. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Kasser, T. (2002). The High Price of Materialism. MIT Press.
  • Nettle, D. (2005). Happiness: The Science Behind Your Smile. Oxford University Press.
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2021). Minimalism. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism

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