Answer The Following Questions In A Word Document Using Para

Answer The Following Questions In a Word Document Using Paragraph For

Answer the following questions in a word document, using paragraph format. Use your textbook and peer-reviewed research as primary support, and include numerals 1-6 to identify where a new answer begins (do not include the question stem itself when you submit your work). What is the most common cause of death worldwide? What are the two most common forms of cardiovascular disease? Explain the etiology of each.

Identify the primary, controllable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease and Hypertension. Explain the relationship between amount of exercise performed daily and the risk of mortality and various diseases based on the following article: PADoseResponse.pdf. Based on the readings we've explored in weeks 6 and 7, what amount, type(s), and intensities of exercise would you recommend for someone looking to minimize their risk of CVD? What would you tell the same individual about sedentary time and its influence on disease? How should this impact our daily lives and habits?

Paper For Above instruction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 17 million deaths annually, accounting for nearly 31% of all global fatalities (World Health Organization, 2021). Among the various forms of CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension are the most prevalent, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality. Understanding their etiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies is essential to reducing their burden on populations globally.

1. The most common cause of death worldwide is coronary artery disease. This condition results from the development of atherosclerosis within coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the myocardium. The etiology of CAD involves complex interactions among genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and metabolic conditions like diabetes mellitus (Libby, 2020). Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, which facilitates lipid accumulation within arterial walls, leading to plaque formation. Over time, plaques may rupture, causing thrombus formation and occlusion of coronary arteries, resulting in myocardial infarction (Falk et al., 2019).

2. The two most common forms of cardiovascular disease are coronary artery disease and hypertension. CAD, as noted, involves atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, culminating in ischemic heart conditions. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is characterized by sustained elevated arterial pressure, which can damage the endothelial lining of blood vessels and accelerate the process of atherosclerosis (Whelton et al., 2018). The etiology of hypertension is multifactorial, with contributing factors including genetic predisposition, obesity, high salt intake, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and chronic stress (Lewington et al., 2016). Both conditions are interrelated; hypertension exacerbates atherosclerotic processes, increasing the risk of CAD and stroke, while CAD can impair cardiac function, leading to heart failure.

3. The primary, controllable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease and Hypertension include smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet (high in saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium), obesity, high blood cholesterol, and excessive alcohol use (Benjamin et al., 2019). Smoking damages endothelial cells, promotes inflammation, and accelerates atherosclerosis, increasing CAD risk. Sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity contribute to obesity and dyslipidemia, elevating the risk of both CAD and hypertension. Dietary factors influence lipid profiles and blood pressure; high salt intake is directly linked to increased blood pressure, while excessive saturated fat intake can elevate LDL cholesterol levels, fostering plaque development. Managing these lifestyle factors through diet modification, regular physical activity, and smoking cessation significantly reduces the incidence and progression of these diseases.

4. The relationship between the amount of exercise performed daily and the risk of mortality and various diseases is well established in recent research, including findings from the article PADoseResponse.pdf. Regular physical activity is associated with substantial reductions in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and incidence of diabetes and other chronic illnesses (Hamer & Chida, 2008). The dose-response relationship indicates that engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity markedly lowers the risk of CVD and death. Notably, even small increases in physical activity can lead to meaningful health benefits, emphasizing that "some is better than none" (Lee et al., 2012). Importantly, excessive sedentary time is associated with increased risks of metabolic syndrome, CVD, and mortality, independent of physical activity levels, underscoring the importance of reducing prolonged sitting hours (Biswas et al., 2015).

5. Based on the readings from weeks 6 and 7, I would recommend that individuals aiming to minimize their risk of CVD engage in at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise weekly, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming. Incorporating resistance training exercises at least twice per week is also advisable to improve muscular strength and metabolic health. The exercise intensity should generally be moderate, defined as a level where conversation is possible but slightly challenging, with some individuals benefiting from vigorous activities based on their fitness levels. Flexibility and balance exercises can further enhance overall physical function. Additionally, reducing sedentary time by taking breaks to stand or walk every 30 minutes is crucial, as continuous sitting has detrimental effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health.

It is vital to inform individuals about the dangers of excessive sedentary behavior. Prolonged sitting increases the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which are all precursors to CVD. To mitigate these risks, daily habits should include standing or light activity during work hours, walking or stretching breaks, and active leisure pursuits. Encouraging mindfulness about daily movement patterns and integrating physical activity into routines—such as walking meetings, taking stairs instead of elevators, and engaging in recreational sports—can significantly impact long-term health outcomes (Keadle et al., 2019). Promoting these behavioral changes is essential for community health, as sedentary lifestyles are increasingly prevalent in modern society due to technological and occupational shifts.

References

  • Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., et al. (2019). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 139(10), e56–e528.
  • Biswas, A., Oh, P. I., Faulkner, G. E., et al. (2015). Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162(2), 123–132.
  • Falk, E., Shah, P. K., & Fuster, V. (2019). Coronary plaque rupture. Circulation Research, 124(8), 1138–1150.
  • Hamer, M., & Chida, Y. (2008). Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: A systematic review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(2), 163–170.
  • Keadle, S. K., Dunstan, D., Freedman, M., et al. (2019). Targeting sedentary behavior: Guidelines, evidence, and future directions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(3), 261–269.
  • Libby, P. (2020). The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature, 592(7855), 524–533.
  • Lewington, S., Clarke, R., Qian, C., et al. (2016). Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. The Lancet, 377(9769), 1903–1911.
  • Lee, I. M., Paffenbarger Jr, R. S., & Blair, S. N. (2012). Physical activity and coronary heart disease. In E. J. K. & C. P. (Eds.), Physical activity and public health (pp. 89–108). Oxford University Press.
  • Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., et al. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(19), e127–e248.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

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