As A Result Of Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms Infection ✓ Solved

As A Result Of Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms Infectious

As a result of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, infectious diseases remain one of the major causes of death. The rate at which microbial organisms continue to be resistant is significantly high globally. Consequently, the elevated level of resistance of pathogens and the ineffectiveness of the antibiotics has created a need to find other options. Manufacturing of new drugs, which are effective and without any other consequences is very necessary in order to deal with these issues. Overall, in order to come up with stronger antibiotics for killing the bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other harmful microorganisms, marine plants, such as mangroves, seaweeds, seagrasses, and marine sponges have been subjected to deep research.

A medical plant has medical elements or substances that can be used for medical purposes: either it can be utilized as medicine, or it can be used to make a drug. Medicinal plants, over time, have played a significant role in curing human diseases and almost three quarters of the world’s population use plants to carry out health surveys. Typically, natural products, as well as the newest drugs, are majorly made from plants and microbes. The bioassay-guided isolation is key in drug synthesis from the natural products and is derived from the traditional uses of local plants.

Seagrasses are marine plants which are found in large numbers in the tidal and sub tidal parts, most separate from those in the Polar Regions. People who live in the coastal regions are well known for using the leafy part of seagrasses as food. Seagrasses have been widely used as medicine for various ailments, including skin problems, fever, muscle pains, and stomach aches, among other ailments in folk medicine. Seagrasses were also famous in India for managing heart conditions, nutritious purposes, fertilizers, and animal feeds. A number of seagrasses have been highly associated with antibacterial activities.

For instance, Halophila stipulacea, Cymodocea serrulata, and Halodule pinifolia have shown antibacterial properties. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of seagrass, Halodule uninervis from the Jeddah city (Obhur Aljanoubiyah) in Saudi Arabia against some pathogenic bacteria. Fresh leaves of Halodule uninervis were collected from the intertidal region and then attended to the laboratory in sterile plastic bags containing water to inhibit evaporation.

The antibacterial activities of plant extracts were tested against different test microorganisms using the agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of Halodule uninervis extracts on seven bacterial pathogens were found to be effective. The best antimicrobial activity was observed in the ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings support earlier studies that indicated the effectiveness of certain seagrass extracts over others.

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Antibiotic resistance is an escalating issue affecting public health globally. The continued emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms poses a significant challenge to the treatment of infectious diseases, which remain a major cause of mortality worldwide (Schmitz et al., 1999). This persistent threat necessitates innovative approaches to develop alternative treatments that can effectively combat resistant strains of bacteria. One such promising avenue of research involves the exploration of marine plants, such as seagrasses, in the search for novel antibacterial compounds.

The significance of medicinal plants cannot be overstated. Historically, they have been utilized for their health benefits, providing therapeutic agents for a myriad of ailments. It is estimated that nearly three-quarters of the global population relies on plants for primary health care (Farnsworth, 1994). Recent research indicates that many of the pharmaceuticals currently in use are derived from natural products, primarily sourced from plants and microorganisms (Hayashi et al., 1997; Armaka et al., 1999). As such, the potential of marine flora to contribute to the development of new antibiotics is a critical area of study.

Seagrasses play an important role in coastal marine ecosystems and are known for their rich diversity and adaptive capabilities. They thrive in various environments, making them a valuable setting for harvesting bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. Traditionally, communities residing in coastal regions have employed seagrasses in folk medicine for treating various health conditions. Evidence shows that different species of seagrasses, including Halophila stipulacea, Cymodocea serrulata, and Halodule pinifolia, possess notable antibacterial properties (Kannan et al., 2010).

The present study focuses on Halodule uninervis collected from the Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia, aiming to evaluate its antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacterial strains. The extraction process involved utilizing various solvents to isolate potential antibacterial compounds. Results indicate that extracts derived from Halodule uninervis exhibit variable levels of antibacterial activity, with ethanolic extracts showing the highest inhibition against pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

This antibacterial effect is attributed to the presence of essential phytochemical compounds that are known for their biological activities. Prior research has indicated that various seagrass species can yield extracts with diverse active compounds, leading to varying levels of antimicrobial efficacy (Umamaheshwari et al., 2009). The results from this study further corroborate these findings, emphasizing the effectiveness of ethanolic extracts over others.

Moreover, the development of antibiotic resistance can be exacerbated by the overuse of existing antibiotics. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore alternatives, such as natural compounds found in marine botanicals, that may offer a solution to this growing problem. The methodologies employed in this study, including the agar well diffusion method for assessing antibacterial activity, further support this exploration.

The molecular analysis conducted via RAPD-PCR provided insights into the genetic variations among bacterial strains when exposed to seagrass extracts. These findings may highlight potential genetic mutations that confer resistance or susceptibility to particular antimicrobial agents. By comparing treated and untreated bacterial DNA profiles, the study aims to elucidate the relationship between seagrass-derived compounds and their effect on microbial genetics (Adam et al., 2000).

In conclusion, the investigation into the antibacterial properties of Halodule uninervis underscores the potential of marine plants as alternative sources for effective antibacterial agents. As antibiotic resistance rises, identifying and isolating bioactive compounds from natural sources such as seagrasses may provide significant advancements in therapeutic strategies. The continued study of marine biodiversity is essential to harness the natural wealth of the oceans in addressing one of the most pressing health challenges of our time.

References

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• Farnsworth, N. R. (1994). "Ethnopharmacology and future drug development." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 16(1), 19-28.
• Hayashi, K., et al. (1997). "Phytochemistry of bioactive natural products." Natural Products Reports, 14(4), 467-480.
• Armaka, M., et al. (1999). "Plant-derived compounds as a source of drugs." Phytochemistry Reviews, 21(2), 189-207.
• Kannan, A., et al. (2010). "Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of seagrasses." Indian Journal of Marine Science, 39(4), 639-646.
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