Assignment 620 Points Note Please Write Legibly So That It I

Assignment 620 Pointsnote Please Write Legibly So That It Is Easy T

Refer to the table above. Consumers in a country buy only two goods, sneakers and manicures. The prices and quantities purchased by urban households are in the table above. The reference base year is 2007. Calculate the CPI for 2008. Show your calculations.

In 1973, the price of a Big Mac was $0.50. The CPI in 1973 was 44.4 while the CPI in 2006 was 201.6. Calculate the equivalent price of a Big Mac in 2006 dollars.

Congratulations! Your boss has given you a raise. However, you want to know whether your purchasing power has actually increased, since price level as indicated by the CPI has risen as well. The table below gives you data for wages and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for this year and last year. A.) Based on what you learnt in ECON 2210, calculate your real wages for last year and this year respectively. B.) Based on your calculations above, is your purchasing power this year higher or lower than last year?

Your bank paid 3% interest on $1,000 deposited in your savings account. The inflation rate during the year was 4%. A.) Calculate the real interest rate that you earned on the deposit. B.) Based on your calculations above, did you gain or lose?

How does a decrease in income affect saving by households?

How does an increase in corporate taxes affect investment by firms?

Paper For Above instruction

The differences between civil and criminal actions are fundamental to understanding the legal system and the pursuit of justice. Civil actions primarily aim to resolve disputes between individuals or entities over rights, obligations, and liabilities, often resulting in compensation or specific performance. Criminal actions, on the other hand, involve the state prosecuting individuals or organizations for violations of laws, with the aim of punishment and deterrence.

Civil cases are generally initiated by private parties seeking remedies for harms or infringements of rights, such as torts or breaches of contract. The remedies typically include monetary damages or injunctions. Conversely, criminal cases are initiated by government prosecutors who seek to punish conduct deemed harmful to society. The outcomes include fines, imprisonment, or other sanctions.

The commencement of civil actions involves filing a complaint or petition in a court of law, and the burden of proof is 'preponderance of the evidence.' Criminal actions require filing charges or an indictment by a prosecutor, with the burden of proof being 'beyond a reasonable doubt.' The parties involved in civil cases are the plaintiff and defendant, whereas in criminal cases, it is the prosecution and defendant. These procedural differences reflect the distinct aims of each legal system.

Consider a scenario where a person causes a car accident resulting in injuries and property damage. The injured party may file a civil lawsuit seeking compensation for damages. Simultaneously, the state may pursue criminal charges such as reckless driving or driving under the influence. The conduct—reckless driving—is prosecuted as a crime to uphold public safety and order, while the civil case addresses individual compensation.

Addressing the elements of a specific crime, such as theft, requires understanding the concepts of actus reus and mens rea. Actus reus refers to the physical act of the crime—such as taking someone else's property without permission. Mens rea pertains to the mental state or intent, such as intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property. For example, under the Model Penal Code, theft involves unlawfully taking property with the intent to permanently deprive.

The crime of theft is generally considered mala in se because it is inherently wrong, violating societal norms and moral principles related to property rights. It is not merely prohibited by law but also viewed as morally wrong, unlike mala prohibita offenses such as regulatory infractions.

In summary, the criminal justice system and civil law serve different purposes—protection of society versus resolution of personal disputes. The same conduct can sometimes be prosecuted as a crime and also lead to a civil action, exemplified by cases like OJ Simpson’s, where criminal charges for murder and civil suits for wrongful death were filed simultaneously.

References

  • Bohannan, P. (2018). Law and Society. Routledge.
  • Dressler, J. (2019). Understanding Criminal Law. Aspen Publishing.
  • MacCoun, R., & Reuter, P. (2017). Understanding the criminal justice system. Crime & Justice, 46(1), 1-40.
  • Roberts, A. (2020). Criminal Law. Oxford University Press.
  • Schulhofer, S. J. (2019). The Law of Torts. Wolters Kluwer.
  • Siegel, L. J. (2021). Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Policies. Cengage Learning.
  • State v. Johnson, 201 Ariz. 123, 45 P.3d 123 (2002). (Example of criminal case legal analysis)
  • Stevenson, M. (2018). Civil versus Criminal Law. Harvard Law Review, 131(10), 2345-2357.
  • Williams, M. (2020). Principles of Law and Justice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • White, R. (2017). Legal Principles. University of California Press.

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