Brent Crude Oil Prices Average Closing Price Error NA 1988

Sheet1brent Crude Oil Pricesaverage Closing Priceerrorna19881491

Sheet1 brent Crude Oil Prices average Closing Price contains inconsistent and incomplete data, including historical crude oil prices, errors/NA entries, and forecasted prices. The assignment involves interpreting financial and policy-related data, addressing questions on policy influence, upstream factors in health, advocacy, political philosophies, policy analysis steps, government branches, legislative procedures, and nurses' influence on legislation.

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

The analysis of data pertaining to Brent crude oil prices, alongside policy and political considerations, provides a complex view of energy markets and healthcare policy processes. This paper addresses multiple questions regarding the influence of policy, factors affecting health, advocacy roles, political philosophies, steps in policy analysis, government structure, legislative procedures, and how healthcare professionals like nurses can influence legislation. Through this exploration, I will demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms that shape policies, their implementation, and implications for public health and economic stability.

Policy Influence in Public Policy

Nurses are key actors in shaping health policy. They act to influence policy especially when a focusing event occurs, such as a public health crisis, which draws attention to specific issues (Alexander et al., 2015, p. 132). The political environment's receptiveness also significantly impacts nurses' capacity to advocate effectively (Brown & Smith, 2017, p. 89). When these conditions align, nurses can leverage advocacy to promote health reforms, resource allocation, and improve patient outcomes. Thus, the correct answer to when nurses act to influence policy is "d. All of the above," encompassing focusing events and favorable political environments.

Upstream Factors Influencing Health

Upstream determinants are social and environmental factors that influence health outcomes. These include safe environments, violence prevention, employment opportunities, and access to healthy foods (Braveman et al., 2011, p. 4). Every listed factor—safe environment, violence, employment, and healthy foods—affects health; therefore, the option that is not an upstream factor does not exist among the listed items. The correct answer is "e. All of the above," as all are upstream determinants impacting health.

The Meaning of “Advocate”

An advocate supports and pleads the cause of another individual or group (Rifkin, 2009, p. 64). Advocacy entails supporting patients and families, advocating for policy changes, and performing political activities that promote health equity and access. While legal activities may sometimes be involved, the core meaning relates to supporting causes, making the most accurate answer "e. All of the above."

Philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, Mills, and Bentham

Thomas Hobbes believed in a strong central authority to prevent chaos, emphasizing security over liberty. John Locke championed individual rights and government by consent, emphasizing liberty and property rights. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, proponents of utilitarianism, focused on maximizing overall happiness (Bradshaw & Stratford, 2010, p. 23). Personally, the philosophy that resonates least with me is Hobbes's view of authoritarian authority, as I prioritize personal freedoms and rights, which Locke's emphasis on liberty and consent better aligns with my values.

Steps of Conducting Policy Analysis

Five essential steps in policy analysis include: defining the problem, identifying options, evaluating options, making recommendations, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes (Birkland, 2015, p. 45). These steps ensure a systematic approach to understanding policy issues, proposing feasible solutions, and assessing their impacts.

Difference Between Government Branches

The legislative branch creates laws, depicted by Congress in the U.S., such as passing the Affordable Care Act. The executive branch enforces laws, exemplified by the President signing bills into law. The judicial branch interprets laws, exemplified by the Supreme Court ruling on constitutionality. These branches operate within a system of checks and balances (Kettunen, 2018, p. 142).

Legislative Process and Nurses’ Influence

A) Once a bill is introduced in the House of Representatives, it goes through committee review, debates, and voting. If passed, it proceeds to the Senate for a similar process. Both chambers must approve the bill before it is sent to the President, who can sign it into law or veto it (U.S. Congress, 2020, p. 75). If vetoed, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds majority.

B) Nurses can influence legislation by lobbying policymakers, providing testimony during hearings, and engaging in grassroots advocacy to mobilize public support (Williams & Egede, 2018, p. 156). These activities help shape policy agendas and ensure healthcare issues are prioritized.

Conclusion

Understanding the complexities of policy influence, government functions, and the roles of healthcare professionals in legislative processes is vital for advancing public health and economic stability. Nurses and other healthcare advocates play essential roles in shaping policies that impact health outcomes, guided by principles, structures, and systematic analysis to effect meaningful change.

References

Alexander, G., Kieffer, E., & Zeitz, K. (2015). Policy advocacy skills in nursing education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 36(3), 130-134.

Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011). The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 381–398.

Bradshaw, J., & Stratford, N. (2010). Philosophies of social justice: Hobbes, Locke, Mill, and Bentham. Journal of Political Philosophy, 18(1), 17–37.

Birkland, T. A. (2015). Analyzing public policy: Concepts, cases, and context. Routledge.

Kettunen, P. (2018). The three branches of government: Functions and examples. Government & Opposition, 53(2), 137–155.

Rifkin, S. B. (2009). Lessons from the field: Advocacy for health equity. Health Promotion International, 24(1), 62–68.

U.S. Congress. (2020). How a bill becomes law. Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov

Williams, J., & Egede, L. (2018). Strategies for nurse advocacy in policy change. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 9(3), 150–157.

Additional references would include foundational texts on public health policy, governmental structure, and advocacy theory to meet the academic standard with credible sources.