Can You Do Statistic Assignment Sample Z C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

Can You Do Statistic Assignmentq1one Sample Z C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Analyze and interpret the results of multiple one-sample Z-tests for the mean, given data on sample sizes, means, standard deviations, standard errors, confidence intervals, test statistics (Z-values), and p-values. Address specific questions about the number of researchers rejecting the null hypothesis, the impact of changing significance levels, decision patterns, and the implications when the true population mean shifts from 50 to 52 dollars per hour. Additionally, conduct similar analyses with t-tests, evaluate errors in hypothesis testing, and answer practical questions regarding profitability, public support, and effects of training on running times based on provided statistical data.

Paper For Above instruction

The analysis of hypothesis testing in statistical research involves interpreting test results, decision-making regarding null hypotheses, and understanding the implications of setting different significance levels (α). This essay explores several scenarios based on the data provided, including the evaluation of multiple one-sample Z-tests and t-tests, the consequences of errors in hypothesis testing, and practical applications in business, public policy, and sports science.

Introduction

Hypothesis testing serves as a fundamental method in statistics for making inferences about population parameters. It involves setting up null (H0) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses, calculating test statistics, and interpreting p-values relative to significance levels. When analyzing multiple studies or samples, researchers must decide how many conclude a significant effect and understand the likelihood of incorrect decisions such as Type I and Type II errors.

Analysis of Multiple Z-Tests and Decision-Making

The data provided include 30 Z-tests for various samples, each with associated test statistics and p-values. To determine the number of researchers rejecting H0, we consider that rejection occurs when the p-value is less than the significance level α. For instance, at α = 0.05, any p-value below 0.05 indicates a rejection of H0. Counting these instances across all tests indicates how many researchers concluded significant differences from the hypothesized mean of 50.

In the data, specific tests such as C.63, with a p-value of 0.024, lead to rejecting H0 at α = 0.05. Conversely, tests like C.13, with a p-value of 0.960, do not reject H0. Summing all cases where p-values are below 0.05 provides an estimate of how many researchers rejected H0. Given the distribution of p-values, it appears that approximately 4 out of 30 tests surpass the significance threshold, indicating that only a small number reject H0 under the initial α level.

Changing the significance level from α=0.05 to α=0.001 is expected to decrease the number of rejections since only p-values below 0.001 would lead to rejecting H0. In the data, no p-values are below 0.001, so this change would effectively eliminate all rejections, highlighting the stricter criterion for significance. Consequently, the number of rejections would decrease, potentially to zero, emphasizing the importance of selecting an appropriate α based on the context and hypothesis.

Implications of Significance Level on Decision Patterns

In general, lowering α from 0.05 to 0.001 decreases the likelihood of Type I errors—incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis. This results in fewer rejections, thereby increasing the chance of Type II errors—failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Therefore, the number of rejections is expected to decrease when a more conservative significance level is used, reinforcing the debate between Type I and Type II error control in hypothesis testing.

Analysis of T-Test Results and Changes in Decision-Making

Similarly, when conducting t-tests instead of Z-tests on the same data, the number of rejections can differ due to differences in the test assumptions and critical values. Exact counts involve recalculating t-test statistics and comparing them with critical values at specified α levels. In the provided data, at α=0.05, about 4 to 6 tests might reject H0, whereas at a very stringent α=0.00008, fewer or none would. This illustrates how choosing a significance level influences the decision-making process, with stricter levels leading to fewer rejections.

The shift from Z to t-test might affect the results, especially in small samples where the t-distribution has heavier tails. This means the critical value for t is larger in absolute value for small samples, possibly reducing rejections at the same α.

Practical Application: Business Profitability Hypothesis

In the context of evaluating whether a store will be profitable, the hypotheses are:

• H0: μ = 60 (average daily customers is 60 or more, store profitable)
• Ha: μ

A Type I error here entails incorrectly concluding the store is not profitable when it actually is (μ ≥ 60). The consequence is missed profit opportunities. Conversely, a Type II error would involve believing the store is profitable when it is not, leading to financial losses. The more expensive error depends on risk preferences, but generally, approving an unprofitable store could incur higher costs, suggesting the importance of controlling Type I errors with an appropriate significance level.

Public Support for Cigarette Tax Increase

The survey results indicate 1,900 supportive citizens out of 2,500 sampled. The hypotheses are:

• H0: p = 0.78 (support proportion is 78%),
• Ha: p ≠ 0.78.

Calculating the test statistic involves the observed proportion and the hypothesized proportion. The p-value determines whether the observed support significantly differs from 78%. A p-value less than α=0.05 would lead to rejection of H0, indicating significant evidence against the null. Given the data, the p-value can be approximated based on the normal approximation to the binomial distribution, providing a basis for interpreting public opinion shifts.

Debt in Canada: Testing the Mean

Based on a sample of 100 Canadians, with a sample mean of 28,110 CAD and standard deviation of 3,500 CAD, the hypotheses are:

• H0: μ = 27,500,
• Ha: μ > 27,500.

The test statistic is calculated, and the p-value from the standard normal distribution informs whether the data provide evidence that the mean debt exceeds 27,500 CAD. The conclusion hinges on whether the p-value is below 0.05 or not, affecting the inference about the debt burden across Canadians.

Evaluating Evidence in the Caviar Weight Scenario

Testing whether the average weight is less than claimed involves a one-sample z-test considering the sample mean and known population standard deviation. Using the critical value approach at α=0.05, if the calculated z is less than the negative critical value, we reject H0, concluding insufficient evidence that the average weight is as claimed or greater. This indicates whether the producer's claim holds based on the sample data.

Training Impact on Running Times

Before and after training times are analyzed to determine if the training program reduces the average time. The samples are paired, so a paired t-test applies. The hypotheses test for the difference in means, and constructing a confidence interval helps assess the significance. If the interval does not include zero, a significant reduction is inferred, endorsing the coach’s claim.

Conclusion

In hypothesis testing, the choice of significance level greatly influences decision outcomes. Researchers must balance the risks of Type I and Type II errors, especially in practical decision scenarios. The analysis across multiple tests emphasizes that stricter standards (lower α) reduce false positives but may increase false negatives. Careful consideration is necessary when implications involve financial losses or public health, demonstrating the importance of understanding error types, test conditions, and contextual factors in statistical inference.

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