Chapter 2 Social Gerontology Objectives 1 Of 2 Define Geront ✓ Solved

Chapter 2social Gerontologyobjectives 1 Of 2define Gerontology And H

Define gerontology and explain how it differs from geriatrics. Describe the concept of ageism, its harmful effects on the health and well-being of older adults, and discuss some social roles adults may hold in later life. Explain the significance of social relationships in late life, including their focus and importance. Define elder abuse, characterize victims and abusers, and discuss the role and importance of mandated reporters in identifying potential abuse. Explore reasons why some older adults choose to work in late life and consider how themes such as social support, cultural influences, and societal attitudes shape the aging experience.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Gerontology is the scientific study of aging, focusing on the biological, psychological, and sociological aspects associated with old age. It distinguishes itself from geriatrics, which specifically pertains to the medical diagnosis and treatment of age-related diseases. While geriatrics is primarily concerned with health management, gerontology encompasses a broader exploration of aging processes and the social implications of growing older (Hood et al., 2018). This distinction is crucial because understanding aging as a multifaceted experience allows for comprehensive approaches to support older adults beyond healthcare alone.

Ageism, defined as prejudice or discrimination based on age, profoundly impacts the health and quality of life of older adults. It is rooted in stereotypes, myths, and negative stereotypes about aging, which often portray older individuals as frail, dependent, or less capable. Such biases can limit opportunities and access to resources, contribute to social isolation, and foster neglect and elder abuse (North & Fiske, 2018). For example, media representations frequently depict older adults as forgetful or incapable of sexual activity, reinforcing harmful stereotypes and internalized ageism among seniors themselves. The cumulative effect of ageism can lead to mental health issues like depression and diminished self-esteem, underscoring its harmful influence on well-being.

In later life, older adults often assume various social roles that provide structure, purpose, and identity. These roles include retirees, grandparents, caregivers, mentors, and community volunteers. Retiring from employment marks a significant transition, which can be psychologically challenging, but planning and social engagement can mitigate negative effects (Wang, 2016). Grandparenting roles vary widely; some adults cherish their roles as grandparents, providing emotional support, childcare, or financial assistance. These roles not only benefit the family but also foster a sense of belonging and purpose among older adults (Bengtson & Roberts, 2019). Furthermore, caregiving roles, whether for a spouse, parent, or grandchild, highlight the continued social contribution of older adults, reinforcing their importance within families and communities.

Social relationships remain vital aspects of aging, offering emotional support, companionship, and cognitive stimulation. Maintaining personal relationships helps improve physical health, reduce stress, and promote psychological resilience (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015). Advances in technology, such as social media and digital communication, have expanded opportunities for older adults to stay connected with family and friends, reducing feelings of isolation. For instance, older adults increasingly use email and social media platforms to reconnect with distant relatives or form new social bonds, which contribute to their overall well-being (Chen & Schulz, 2016).

The dynamics of aging couples illustrate how relationships evolve over time. Challenges such as retirement, health decline, and differing coping mechanisms can either strain or enrich partnerships. Some couples experience a renewal of their relationship, developing new routines and shared interests, while others face separation or divorce. Same-sex couples face similar relational challenges but often encounter additional societal biases that can impact social and legal recognition of their relationships (Ross & D’Angelo, 2019). Conversely, relationships between older parents and adult children tend to be complex, influenced by cultural values, family dynamics, and individual health and circumstances (Silverstein & Bengtson, 2017).

For those who remain unmarried or childless, social networks tend to adapt around friendships, community involvement, and fictive kin—close non-biological relationships that provide emotional support akin to familial bonds (Liu & Guo, 2018). Friendships in late life often become central sources of emotional comfort; women generally have larger and more varied social networks than men, partly because they value and nurture social bonds more actively. The dissolution of friends due to death or relocation evokes a sense of loss, emphasizing the importance of cultivating diverse social connections (Antonucci & Akiyama, 2019).

Addressing elder abuse is essential for safeguarding older adults’ rights and dignity. The CDC defines elder abuse as intentional or neglectful acts by caregivers or trusted individuals that cause harm or risk of harm. Victims are frequently isolated, suffering from physical or mental health issues, and may be reluctant to report abuse out of fear or dependence (Dong, 2015). Perpetrators often manipulate or exploit their victims, with some being professionals in caregiving roles who abuse trust or fiduciary duties. Recognizing signs of abuse, such as unexplained injuries, neglect, or financial discrepancies, is vital for mandated reporters, including healthcare workers and social service personnel, who are legally required to report suspected abuse (National Center on Elder Abuse, 2020). Interventions typically involve coordinated efforts by Adult Protective Services (APS) and Long-Term Care Ombudsmen, who advocate for and protect vulnerable elders within long-term care settings (Pillemer et al., 2016).

As the population ages, older individuals increasingly seek continued employment, driven by financial needs, social engagement, or personal fulfillment. Despite federal laws prohibiting workplace discrimination based on age, biases persist, often resulting in older workers being overlooked or pushed toward early retirement (Posthuma & Campion, 2018). The concept of bridge employment—transitioning gradually from full-time work to retirement—reflects the desire of many older adults to remain active and retain financial independence (Raymo & Gaffney, 2018). Aging in the workplace, therefore, encompasses considering accommodations, flexible schedules, and lifelong learning opportunities, enabling older adults to contribute their skills and experience while maintaining their quality of life.

Retirement is not an abrupt transition but a gradual process influenced by financial preparedness, health status, and personal aspirations. Many older adults continue working beyond traditional retirement age, often in part-time or volunteer roles, driven by the need for income, social interaction, or a sense of purpose (Kim & Feldman, 2018). Planning for retirement involves assessing financial resources, healthcare needs, and social support systems. Advocates and organizations like AARP and the Gray Panthers promote policies and programs that support older adults’ continued engagement in work, advocacy, and community service, emphasizing that aging individuals can remain productive and valued members of society (Taylor et al., 2020).

References

• Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (2019). Social relationships and aging. In D. L. Poston & T. G. Bouvier (Eds.), Aging: Concepts and controversies (8th ed., pp. 157-182). Routledge.
• Bengtson, V. L., & Roberts, R. E. (2019). Parent-child relations in later life. In M. K. Pearlin & M. E. Kahana (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (8th ed., pp. 243-262). Elsevier.
• Chen, Y., & Schulz, P. J. (2016). The effect of information communication technology interventions on reducing social isolation in the elderly: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(1), e18.
• Dong, X. (2015). Elder abuse: Research, practice, and health policy. The Gerontologist, 55(Suppl 2), S121-S132.
• Hood, L., Hoyt, C., & Ory, M. G. (2018). Aging: Concepts and controversies. Routledge.
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2015). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316.
• Kim, J., & Feldman, D. C. (2018). Working beyond retirement: Effects of job characteristics on older workers’ well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(7), 910-932.
• National Center on Elder Abuse. (2020). Recognizing elder abuse. https://ncea.acl.gov/what-is-elder-abuse.html
• Pillemer, K., et al. (2016). Elder abuse: Global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The Gerontologist, 56(2), 155-164.
• Posthuma, R. A., & Campion, M. A. (2018). Age stereotyping and employment discrimination. In M. T. Braverman (Ed.), Ageism in the workforce (pp. 75-99). Springer.