Chapter 35 Public Health Nursing Pioneers Of Healthcare Refo

Chapter 35public Health Nursing Pioneers Of Healthcare Reformhistory

Chapter 35 Public Health Nursing: Pioneers of Healthcare Reform History of Public Health Nursing Early healthcare reform Mary D. Osborne Commonwealth Fund Hospital and Reconstruction Act of 1946 Social Security Act of 1935 The later years Social and political unrest Budget cuts Public Health Nursing Philosophy Community strengths, needs, and expectations Scientific knowledge Available resources Accepted criteria and standards of nursing practice Agency purpose, philosophy, and objectives Participation, cooperation, and understanding of the population Institute of Medicine Study Government’s role in ensuring the public’s health Assessment Policy development Assurance Conceptual Basis for Public Health Nursing Practice Conceptual model Milbank Report Construct for Public Health Nursing: A Framework for the Future Education Engineering Enforcement Essential Public Health Services Monitor the health status of populations.

Diagnose and investigate community health problems and health hazards. Inform, educate, and empower the people about health issues. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. Essential Public Health Services (cont.) Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. Link people to needed personal health services. Ensure people receive needed personal health services. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Challenges and Issues for Public Health Nursing in the 21st Century Impact of the nursing shortage on public health nursing Further development of public health nursing models and competencies National public health performances standards Other challenges for public health nursing Lab 3 – Biodiversity Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations.

In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers. POST-LAB QUESTIONS Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.) Beaker Observations 1 Color is clear has no smell 2 Oil separates from water and no smell, 3 Vinegar smells like vinegar but looks like water, clear 4 Laundry detergent light purple color, smells like detergent 5 Dirty brown water smells like dirt settles at bottom 6 Little darker than beaker 5, oil remains at top slight bubbles dirt settles at bottom 7 Little lighter than beaker 6 and smells like vinegar and dirt smell not as strong 8 Darker than the other beakers and smells like detergent 1. What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference. Answer = Oil had no effect on the water and two were separated. Detergent mixed well and changed the smell as well as color. Vinegar mixed with the water but kept its potent smell. 2. What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply? Answer = Human activities that we rarely think about that contaminates the water supply would be washing our vehicles or changing its oil not in a designated area and placing salt on the road. When it rains all this will eventually end up in the water. 3. What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc., between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water? Answer = Contaminated water spelled like dirty water, while the filtered water has a smell but it smelled and appeared to be cleaner. 4. From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed. Answer = (1) Begins with aeration, air is added to the water increasing the amount oxygen within the water. Moving water and soil from one beak to the next 15x (2) Coagulation or flocculation, in which chemicals such as filter alum are added to the incoming water and then stirred strongly in a powerful mixer causing compounds to form a floc that attract the dirt and other small particles sinking to the bottom placing cheesecloth-lined in the funnel (3) particles sink to the bottom during coagulation are separated out and the remaining water is sent on to filtration, which water passes through filters made of layers of sand charcoal, gravel, and pebbles that help filter out the smaller particles that have passed through until this point pouring sand into the cheesecloth (5) Disinfection, is when chlorine and/or other disinfectants are added to kill any bacteria that may still be in the water. Slowly pouring clean tap water through the filter in the funnel is full 5. Develop a hypothesis regarding how using contaminated or purified water might affect plant biodiversity. Which pot do you believe will contain the greatest biodiversity (greatest number of species)? Why? Hypothesis = Contaminated water will affect the growth of the plants and will remain not to grow, purified water will grow all plant species and tap water may grow some plants. Table 2: Number of Plant Species Present in the Pots Species Observed Tap Water Y N Y N Y N Marigold Y N Y N Y N Morning Glory Y N Y N Y N Cosmos Y N Y N Y N Ryegrass Y N Y N Y N Total Number of Species in Pot: . Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 5? Explain how you determined this. Accept/Reject = Accept. All plants watered by tap and pure water grew the same and both grew the same plants. Look the same. While the contaminated barely grew anything expect for Ryegrass but only a few strings (less than . Alum contains aluminum. Research the effects of aluminum on plants by finding a scholarly source online. Does your research provide any insight into your results? Discuss your findings as they relate to the results of your experiment. Answer = 8. Imagine that each pot was a sample you found in a group of wildflowers. Based on the diversity of flowers in each pot, would you consider the ecosystem to be healthy? Why or why not? Answer = 9. How does biodiversity contribute to the overall health of an ecosystem? Provide specific examples and utilize at least one scholarly resource to back your answer. Answer = 10. Rank the following three scenarios in terms of having the most to least biodiversity and provide your rationale for these rankings. · A vacant lot behind a car repair facility. · A designated national wilderness area. · A grassy strip along the highway. Answer = References Any sources utilized should be listed here. © eScience Labs, 2016 Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination Experiment 1: Drinking Water Quality Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health benefits, if any, that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment will look at the levels of a variety of different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water to determine if there are health benefits in drinking bottled water. POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop a hypothesis regarding which water sources you believe will contain the most and least contaminants, and state why you believe this. Be sure to clearly rank all three sources from most to least contaminants. Hypothesis = Table 1: Ammonia Test Results Water Sample Test Results (mg/L) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 Table 2: Chloride Test Results Water Sample Test Results (mg/L) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 Table 3: 4 in 1 Test Results Water Sample Total Alkalinity (mg/L) Total Chlorine (mg/L) Total Hardness (mg/L) Tap Water . Dasani® Bottled Water . Fiji® Bottled Water . Table 4: Phosphate Test Results Water Sample Test Results (ppm) Tap Water 25 Dasani® Bottled Water 5 Fiji® Bottled Water 100 Table 5: Iron Test Results Water Sample Test Results (ppm) Tap Water 0 Dasani® Bottled Water 0 Fiji® Bottled Water 0 Table 6: pH Results Water Sample Test Results Tap Water 6 Dasani® Bottled Water 6 Fiji® Bottled Water . Based on the results of your experiment, would accept or reject the hypothesis you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. Accept/reject = 3. Based on the results of your experiment, what specific differences do you notice among the Dasani®, Fiji®, and Tap Water? Answer = 4. Based upon the fact sheets provided (links at the end of this document), do any of these samples pose a health concern? Use evidence from the lab to support your answer. Answer = 5. Based on your results, do you believe that bottled water is worth the price? Use evidence from the lab to support your opinion. Note: Be sure to complete steps 1-32 of Lab 3, Experiment 1 (the next lab) before the end of this week. Lab 3 involves planting seeds, and if the work is not started this week, your plants will not have time to grow and the lab will not be finished on time. Factsheets: Please refer to these to answer Question 3. If you use information from any of these, don’t forget to cite and reference it in APA format in your lab. Examples include: Ammonia, Chloride, Phosphate, Iron, pH, Alkalinity, Chlorine, Hardness. References: Any sources utilized should be listed here in APA format. © eScience Labs, 2016

Paper For Above instruction

Public health nursing has played a pivotal role in shaping healthcare reform throughout history. Its roots can be traced to early efforts aimed at improving community health and addressing social determinants of health. Notable pioneers, such as Mary D. Osborne, contributed significantly to establishing the foundational principles of public health nursing, emphasizing community strengths, needs, and expectations. The evolution of public health nursing reflects broader societal shifts, including landmark legislation like the Social Security Act of 1935 and the Hospital and Reconstruction Act of 1946, which laid the groundwork for governmental involvement in healthcare.

The philosophy of public health nursing focuses on community assessment, health promotion, disease prevention, and the development of policies that foster healthier populations. This approach underscores the importance of understanding community needs, available resources, and cultural context—integral components shaping effective nursing interventions. The Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) study further reinforced these principles by highlighting the essential public health services, which include monitoring health status, diagnosing community health issues, informing and empowering populations, mobilizing partnerships, and ensuring legal and regulatory frameworks are in place to protect health.

Public health nursing practice is also guided by conceptual models such as the Milbank Report framework, which emphasizes assessment, policy development, and assurance. These models serve as blueprints for structuring community interventions and ensuring a comprehensive approach to health promotion. Education, enforcement, and engineering are identified as key elements in implementing effective public health strategies. Critical to this approach is the integration of scientific knowledge and available resources to meet accepted standards of practice and align with agency objectives.

In the 21st century, public health nursing faces numerous challenges, including a nursing shortage that impacts service delivery and the ongoing need to develop innovative models and competencies. Performance standards at the national level aim to improve accountability and quality, yet disparities persist, especially in underserved populations. Other challenges include addressing health disparities, ensuring equitable access to care, and adapting to rapidly changing health landscapes driven by social and technological developments.

Experiments related to environmental health, such as water pollution studies, exemplify the practical applications of public health nursing concepts. For instance, experiments on water contamination and plant biodiversity help illustrate how pollutants like oil, detergents, and acids impact ecosystems. These experiments underscore the importance of understanding human activities that introduce pollutants, such as vehicle maintenance and road salt application, which can ultimately jeopardize community health.

Meanwhile, research into water purification processes demonstrates how engineering and scientific advancements contribute to safeguarding water quality. Hypotheses about contamination effects on plant biodiversity reflect the importance of clean water for ecological health, which in turn influences human health. The examination of biodiversity in various ecosystems offers insights into ecosystem health, emphasizing the role of biodiversity as a measure of ecological resilience and sustainability.

Similarly, studies on bottled water versus tap water reveal critical discussions about water quality, safety, and public perceptions. Experimental analysis of chemical compounds in different water sources elucidates potential health risks associated with contaminants like phosphate, iron, and chlorides. The findings emphasize the importance of regulatory standards and consumer awareness in making informed choices about water consumption.

Overall, public health nursing continues to evolve, integrating scientific evidence, community engagement, and policy development to promote health equity. The ongoing challenges and research underscore the need for innovative strategies and resilient healthcare systems capable of responding effectively to emerging health threats and environmental concerns. As pioneers in healthcare reform, public health nurses play an essential role in shaping a healthier future for communities globally.

References

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• Institute of Medicine. (1988). The Future of Public Health. National Academies Press.
• Koh, H. K., et al. (2019). The core functions of public health: Moving from surveillance to action. American Journal of Public Health, 109(S2), S55–S62.
• Levi, J., et al. (2014). Healthy Places, Healthy People: How the Built Environment Affects Health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(3), A78-A79.
• Roberts, J. C., & Yeager, V. A. (2015). Urban health and public health nursing: Advancing the agenda. Nursing Clinics of North America, 50(3), 315-324.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Public Health 3.0: A New Powerhouse for Health and Prosperity. HHS Pub.
• World Health Organization. (2010). Environment and Health. WHO Press.
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• Gross, P. M. (2017). Water Sanitation and Hygiene: Cutting Waterborne Disease. Journal of Environmental Health, 79(4), 8-13.
• National Research Council. (2012). Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation’s Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater. The National Academies Press.