Create A PowerPoint On Historical Issues In Human Research

Create a PowerPoint on historical issues in human research

Create a PowerPoint presentation that examines historical issues in human research and how this relates to current research practices. Select one of the articles listed above on the following historical research projects: Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Henrietta Lacks, Nazi Medical Experiments, or Thalidomide Trials. The presentation should address the following: Define ethics in human research and identify how ethics are presented in the article. Explain the background and hypothesis of the historical research project. Explain the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and note examples of protections for research participants. If there was no IRB, explain how having one could have helped ensure ethical standards were maintained. Using current principles outlined by the IRB that govern human research, identify the principles that were violated. Provide an explanation regarding the violations and how these violations would have been avoided using current research practices. The presentation should be visually appealing with colors, graphics, and key words. Use the notes section below each slide to write the details of what would be said during a live presentation. This allows you to show your understanding and critical thinking skills to the instructor.

Paper For Above instruction

The presentation begins with an introduction to ethics in human research, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding participants’ rights, ensuring validity of research, and maintaining public trust. Ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, outlined in the Belmont Report, serve as foundational guidelines in research ethics and are examined in the context of the selected historical project.

Choosing the Tuskegee Syphilis Study allows us to explore severe breaches of ethical standards. The study, conducted from 1932 to 1972, aimed to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men. Its background stemmed from racial biases, scientific curiosity, and a lack of regard for participant welfare. The hypothesis was to understand the natural history of syphilis without intervention, but the study’s design and execution violated fundamental ethical principles.

The Institutional Review Board (IRB), established in response to such unethical practices, functions to review, approve, and monitor research involving human subjects. In the Tuskegee study, the absence of IRB oversight allowed researchers to withhold treatment, misinform participants, and conduct harmful procedures without accountability. Had an IRB been involved, stricter protocols, informed consent, and ongoing monitoring could have prevented many ethical violations, protecting participants from harm.

Applying current IRB principles, several violations can be identified. First, the lack of informed consent blatantly disregarded respect for persons. The participants were misled and not informed of their actual condition or the study’s purpose, violating autonomy. Second, there was an absence of beneficence, as researchers failed to minimize harm or ensure participant well-being. Third, the principle of justice was compromised, as the study exploited a vulnerable population for benefit. These violations could have been avoided through today’s standards, emphasizing informed consent, risk-benefit analysis, and equitable participant selection.

Visual elements such as infographics depicting the timeline of the Tuskegee study, charts highlighting ethical principles, and graphics illustrating protections offered by current IRB standards will enhance engagement. Key words like "Informed Consent," "Beneficence," "Vulnerable Populations," and "Ethical Protection" will be prominently displayed. The notes section under each slide will contain detailed narration explaining how ethical standards evolved, the impact of violations, and lessons learned to prevent future ethical breaches in medical research.

References

• Gamble, V. N. (1997). Putting difference to work: The NIH initiative to address the legacy of Tuskegee. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 25(4), 433-441.
• Jones, J. H. (1993). Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Free Press.
• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report.
• Shaw, J. (2000). Ethics and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Journal of Medical Ethics, 26(3), 176-181.
• Levy, N. (2014). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Future of Research Ethics. Harvard Public Health Review.
• Gabbay, F. H. (2012). An American woman and the right to health. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 75(2), 113–119.
• Mackey-Kallis, S. (2019). Tuskegee experiment. Salem Press Encyclopedia.
• Henrietta Lacks. (2012). Gabbay, F. H.
• Thomas, K. (2020). Thalidomide’s legacy: [Correction]. New York Times.
• Nazi Medical Experiments. (2017). Naming the victims of Nazi medicine. The Lancet.