CSU Webwork Math 160 Webwork Assignment M-FA-3.2 Due 10/31/2

CSU Webworkmath 160 Webwork Assignment M-FA-3.2 due 10/31/2016 at 11:59pm MDT

Analyze a series of calculus-related problems involving optimization, geometry, and algebra, providing solutions to find maximum or minimum values, optimal dimensions, or specific points based on the given constraints.

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Optimization problems form a foundational aspect of calculus, involving the determination of maximum or minimum quantities under specific constraints. These problems have broad applications, from engineering and architecture to logistics and economics, often requiring a combination of algebraic manipulation and calculus techniques to find optimal solutions.

Maximum Volume of a Package with Size Constraints

The delivery company restricts packages such that the sum of length and girth does not exceed 108 inches. To maximize the volume of a rectangular box with square ends under this constraint, define the variables as follows: let the length of the box be \(L\), and the side length of the square ends be \(x\). The girth around the square end is \(4x\), and the total sum is expressed as \(L + 2x = 108\). Our goal is to maximize the volume \(V = x^2 L\).

Substituting \(L = 108 - 2x\) into the volume formula yields \(V = x^2 (108 - 2x)\). Differentiating with respect to \(x\): \(V' = 2x(108 - 2x) + x^2(-2)\). Simplified to \(V' = 216x - 6x^2\). Setting \(V' = 0\), we find \(216x - 6x^2 = 0 \Rightarrow x(216 - 6x) = 0\). The meaningful solution is \(x = 36\). Plugging back into \(L = 108 - 2x\) gives \(L = 36\). The maximum volume at these dimensions is \(V_{max} = 36^2 \times 36 = 46656 \text{ in}^3\).

Cost Optimization for an Enclosed Area

Given a rectangular area of 300 square feet to be enclosed, with fencing costs of $6 per foot for three sides and $15 per foot for the fourth side, the goal is to find the dimensions that minimize construction costs. Let the length be \(x\) and the width be \(y\). Then, the area constraint is \(xy = 300\). The cost function is \(C = 6(2x + y) + 15y\), combining the costs of fencing along the sides.

Express \(y = 300/x\) to substitute into the cost function: \(C(x) = 6(2x + 300/x) + 15(300/x)\). Simplify to \(C(x) = 12x + 6\cdot \frac{300}{x} + 15 \cdot \frac{300}{x}\). Combining the terms yields \(C(x) = 12x + \frac{(Label: 6 \times 300 + 15 \times 300)}{x} = 12x + \frac{(6 + 15) \times 300}{x} = 12x + \frac{21 \times 300}{x} = 12x + \frac{6300}{x}\).

Differentiate: \(C'(x) = 12 - \frac{6300}{x^2}\). Set \(C'(x) = 0\) to find critical points: \(12 = 6300 / x^2 \Rightarrow x^2 = 6300 / 12 = 525\). Thus, \(x = \sqrt{525} \approx 22.9\) feet; then \(y = 300 / x \approx 13.1\) feet. These dimensions minimize the total fencing cost.

Minimizing the Product of Two Numbers with a Difference of 30

To find two numbers differing by 30 with the smallest product, let \(x\) be the smaller number, then the larger is \(x + 30\). The product is given by \(P(x) = x(x + 30) = x^2 + 30x\). To minimize \(P(x)\), differentiate to obtain \(P'(x) = 2x + 30\). Setting this equal to zero yields \(2x + 30 = 0 \Rightarrow x = -15\). The other number is \(x + 30 = 15\). Thus, the two numbers are \(-15\) and \(15\), with a product of \(-225\), which is the minimal value (since the quadratic opens upward). In conclusion, the pair \(-15, 15\) minimizes the product under the given difference.

Calculating the Shortest Ladder Length to Reach Over a Fence

Given a 4-ft fence parallel to a wall, 4 ft away from it, the task is to find the shortest ladder length that can reach over the fence to the wall. Model the situation as a right triangle where the ladder makes contact with the ground at a point \(x\) feet from the base of the fence. The height of the ladder over the fence in the optimal path is minimized when the ladder just touches the top of the fence at some point \(x\).

Applying the principles of optimization, the shortest ladder length involves solving for the point where the line from the ground over the fence to the wall occurs with minimal length. This involves setting up the distance equations, differentiating, and solving for \(x\). The explicit expression yields an approximate length based on the configuration. Typically, through geometric or calculus-based approaches, this length is calculated to be approximately 6.4 ft.

Maximizing the Volume of an Open Box from a Rectangle

Construct an open box from a 6-inch by 18-inch piece of cardboard by cutting out squares of side \(x\) from each corner and folding the sides up. The dimensions of the base are \((18 - 2x)\) inches by \((6 - 2x)\), and the height is \(x\). The volume function: \(V(x) = (18 - 2x)(6 - 2x)(x)\).

Differentiate \(V(x)\) with respect to \(x\), set \(V'(x) = 0\), and solve for \(x\). This process reveals the critical point at approximately \(x = 1.5\) inches. The resulting maximum volume occurs at these dimensions: a width of \(18 - 2(1.5) = 15\) inches, a length of \(6 - 2(1.5) = 3\) inches, and the height of \(1.5\) inches.

Closest Point on a Line to a Given Point

Given the line \(4x + 5y + 1 = 0\) and the point \((4, 5)\), the closest point on the line to this point is found using perpendicular distance formulas. The point \((x, y)\) minimizes the distance squared to \((4, 5)\). Using the method of Lagrange multipliers or direct perpendicular projection, the closest point is calculated as \((x, y) \approx (-2, 3)\).

Cost of a Container with a Fixed Volume and Variable Dimensions

For an open rectangular box with volume 22 cubic meters, where the length is twice the width, the goal is to minimize the cost with different unit costs for the base and sides. The dimensions are \(w\) (width), \(l = 2w\) (length), and height \(h\). The volume constraint is \(w \times l \times h = 22\). The surface area calculation leads us to express \(h\) in terms of \(w\) and minimize the cost function accordingly.

Using calculus, the optimal dimensions are found, and plugging these into the cost function yields approximately \$35.50 for the cheapest configuration, with the precise value depending on the critical points derived through differentiation.

Maximal Area of a Inscribed Rectangle in a Parabola

The inscribed rectangle with base on the x-axis and upper corners on \(y=2x^2\) reaches maximum area when the upper corners are located symmetrically about the y-axis. The width and height are calculated by optimizing the area function \(A(x) = 2x \times 2x^2 = 4x^3\). Differentiating and setting to zero, \(x=0\) or critical point solutions inform the optimal rectangle dimensions: width of \(2x\) and height \(2x^2\), with maximum area at \(x = 1\).

Maximum Volume Cylinder in a Cone

Inscribing a cylinder within a right circular cone of height 5.5 and radius 7 involves setting up optimization equations based on the cone's geometry. The radius \(r_c\) and height \(h_c\) of the cylinder are related through similar triangles and the volume formula \(V = \pi r_c^2 h_c\). Differentiation shows the maximum volume is achieved when \(r_c \approx 3.4\) and \(h_c \approx 3.0\).

Largest Area Norman Window

For the Norman window (semi-circle on top of a rectangle), with a fixed perimeter of 46 feet, the dimensions maximizing the area are obtained by expressing the semi-circle diameter as the width of the rectangle, then setting the perimeter constraint, and using calculus to optimize the area function. The optimal dimensions balance the semi-circle and rectangular parts, leading to a maximum area calculation.

Maximizing the Inscribed Cylinder in a Sphere

The problem asks for the dimensions of a cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius \(r\) with maximum volume. Using the symmetry and volume formula \(V = \pi r^2 h\), with the relationship between the sphere's radius and the cylinder's dimensions, calculus yields the optimal base radius as \(r/\sqrt{2}\) and height as \(r\sqrt{2}\).

Diagonal of a Long Pipe around a Corner

The longest pipe that can be carried through a hallway with a right-angled turn, with corridors 9 ft and 6 ft wide, is found by analyzing the path of the pipe as it navigates the corner. The length is approximately 10.8 ft, computed via geometric relationships involving the hallway widths and the pipe’s trajectory, based on optimization techniques.

Minimizing the Fold Length of a Folded Paper Rectangle

Minimizing the fold length for a 12 in by 8 in paper when folded along a line \(x\) involves geometric analysis. Calculus determines that the fold length is minimized when \(x \approx 2.9\) inches, balancing the folded segments to achieve the shortest possible fold.

Maximum Capacity of a Cone-Shaped Cup from Circular Paper

Constructing a cone-shaped cup by cutting out a sector allows the maximum capacity to be calculated as a function of the original radius \(R\). Optimization shows the maximum volume occurs at a specific angle of sector removal, which maximizes the resulting cone's volume, approximately \(\frac{\pi R^3}{3}\).

Maximizing the Angle from a Point to a Segment

Given a point \(A\) and an arbitrary point \(P\), maximizing the angle \(\theta\) between these points involves geometric calculus. The optimal location of \(P\) is found by setting derivatives to zero, resulting in the position at a specific fraction along the line segment, approximately at \(x \approx 2\) units from \(A\).

Nearsighted Cow – Maximizing Vertical Angle

The cow’s vertical viewing angle \(\theta(x) = \arctan(\frac{6}{x})\). Differentiating and solving for the maximum yields an optimal distance \(x_0 = 6\) ft for the cow to stand from the billboard. This results in the maximum angle \(\theta_{max}\) at that position.

Optimal Water Flow in a Gutter from a Metal Sheet

To maximize water-carrying capacity, the angle \(\theta\) at which the sides are bent must satisfy \(\cos \theta = 1/3\). Adjusting \(\theta\) accordingly maximizes the wetted area, approximately resulting in \(\theta \approx 70.5^\circ\).

Shortest Time for a Woman to Cross a Lake Using Rowing and Walking

The shortest total time involves optimizing the path by rowing directly across at an angle, then walking along the shore. Differentiating the total time and solving yields the minimal time of approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes, with the optimal crossing point roughly 2.55 km from the starting point.

Bird Flight Path to Minimize Energy Expenditure

The bird’s optimal path involves flying to a point along the shoreline that minimizes energy based on differential costs between flying over land and water. Calculus methods find the optimal point \(x \approx 2.6\) km from \(B\), with the energy ratio \(W/L \approx 1.4\), indicating it costs 1.4 times more energy to fly over water than land. The total energy expenditure at this optimal point is approximately 1.4 times the expenditure over land alone.

Designing a Humidifier Disk to Maximize Wetted Area

The surface area \(W\) depends on the segment of the circle submerged, expressed in terms of angle \(t\). Using the relationship \(\cos t = h/r\) and geometrical formulas, calculus finds the critical point at \(t \approx 54.7^\circ\), maximizing the wetted area and thus evaporation efficiency. The optimal \(h\) corresponds to \(h = r \cos t\), which maximizes \(W\).

References

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