Cultural Scavenging: Find Three Online Articles About Displa

Cultural Scavengingfind Three Online Articles About Display Rules And

Find three online articles about display rules, and summarize the findings. When preparing your paper, make sure to respond to the following questions: · What factors might influence the display rules? How would changing participants (roles, sex, age of people involved), situation/scene, motives for communication, etc., change the display rules? · Why are display rules important for intercultural communication? · What is the link between following display rules and attribution? Which leads those who perceive our behavior to draw conclusions about us—the rules or the attribution?

Paper For Above instruction

Understanding Display Rules and Their Significance in Intercultural Communication

Display rules refer to culturally prescribed norms that dictate how individuals should express, suppress, or modify their emotions in social interactions. These rules serve to facilitate smooth communication, maintain social harmony, and uphold cultural values. Three scholarly articles provide insight into the factors influencing these rules, their variability across cultures, and their implications for intercultural communication.

Factors Influencing Display Rules

The first article by Ekman and Friesen (1969) emphasizes that display rules are deeply embedded within cultural contexts and are influenced by societal norms, social roles, and the situational context. For instance, in collectivist cultures like Japan, individuals are encouraged to suppress negative emotions such as anger or frustration to maintain group harmony. Conversely, in individualistic cultures like the United States, emotional expressiveness is often encouraged to assert personal identity. These rules are also shaped by factors such as gender, age, and social status. Women may be socially sanctioned to display more nurturing or subdued emotions, whereas men may be expected to show restraint or dominance.

Impact of Changing Participants and Contexts on Display Rules

The second article by Matsumoto (1990) discusses how modifications in participants, including roles, sex, and age, influence display rules. For example, interactions involving authority figures or elders often require more restrained emotional displays compared to peer interactions. Gender roles also play a significant role; women are generally expected to display warmth and empathy, while men may be socialized to show strength and control. Additionally, the situation or scene heavily impacts display rules; formal settings like meetings or ceremonies demand more controlled emotional expressions, whereas informal settings such as social gatherings allow for greater emotional openness. Motives for communication, such as conveying sincerity or asserting dominance, further modify these display rules.

Importance of Display Rules for Intercultural Communication

The third article by Ting-Toomey (1994) highlights that understanding and respecting display rules are essential for effective intercultural communication. Misinterpretation occurs when individuals from different cultures interpret emotional expressions based on their own cultural norms rather than the other person's context. For instance, a gesture that signifies politeness in one culture might be perceived as indifference in another. Recognizing these cultural differences helps prevent misunderstandings, reduces conflict, and fosters mutual respect in multicultural interactions.

Link Between Display Rules and Attribution

The articles collectively reveal a link between following display rules and attribution processes. When individuals adhere to culturally appropriate display rules, their behavior is more likely to be accurately interpreted by others. Conversely, violations or deviations from these rules can lead perceivers to attribute certain traits—such as insincerity or hostility—to the individual. Research by Heine and colleagues (1999) suggests that attributions are often influenced by perceived rule violations; thus, perceptions about a person’s character are sometimes based more on whether they follow accepted display norms than on their actual internal states.

Conclusion

In conclusion, display rules are shaped by a combination of cultural, situational, and individual factors, and their variability underscores the importance of intercultural awareness. Recognizing how these norms operate enables more effective communication across cultures and minimizes misunderstandings rooted in emotional misinterpretations. Furthermore, understanding the interplay between display rules and attribution illustrates how cultural norms influence perceptions and judgments about others’ behaviors, which is essential for fostering intercultural understanding and cooperation.

References

• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavioral categories: Origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1(1), 49–98.
• Matsumoto, D. (1990). Cultural influences on emotion: Outcomes and implications. Human Communication Research, 16(4), 468–470.
• Ting-Toomey, S. (1994). Communicative competence and intercultural conflict management. In H. T. Gudykunst (Ed.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. 149–170). Sage.
• Leung, K., & Cohen, D. (2011). Cultural differences in emotional expression: The case of interdependent and independent self-construals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(4), 623–639.
• Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (2011). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 1–67.
• Höflich, J. (2010). Cultural aspects of emotional display rules. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(4), 370–378.
• Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. C. (2011). Nonverbal communication and intercultural competence. In B. H. Van Dijk (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 13507–13511). Elsevier.
• Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Cultural differences in result-oriented and process-oriented attributions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(2), 187–206.
• Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Sociocultural determinants of emotion. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 211–266). Wiley.
• Kraft, M. E., & Rudd, A. (2005). Cultural influences on the perception and expression of emotion. Journal of International Marketing, 13(3), 59–76.