Decide If The Following Statements Are STAT200 Final Exam Su
Decide If Following Statements Are STAT200 Final Exam Summer
Decide if the following statements are true or false:
(a) If the variance of a data set is 0, then all the observations in this data set must be zero.
(b) The volume of milk in a jug of milk is a discrete data.
(c) Median is equal to mean only if the distribution is symmetrical.
(d) Last name is a nominal type of variable.
The vine producer should send 80 bottles of vine to the supermarket. Before shipping, he decided to check 5 different bottles. Describe how he should select these 5 bottles using systematic selection.
The table below shows the frequency distribution of IQ scores for a random sample of 1000 adults. Complete the table with missing frequency and cumulative frequency.
The box plot below shows the grade distribution of a quiz for 160 students. Answer which interval has the fewest students and how many students are in the score band between 50 and 70.
Calculate the probability that the first card is a Queen, and the second card is also a Queen, in a standard 52-card deck. (a) assuming the card selection is with replacement; (b) assuming without replacement.
There are 500 juniors in a college. Among them, 200 are taking STAT200, 120 are taking PSYC300, and 50 are taking both. Find the probability that a randomly selected junior takes STAT200 or PSYC300.
Roll a fair 6-faced die twice. What is the probability that the sum of two rolls will be 7?
Convert the probability 5/16 to odds. Convert odds 3 to 5 to probability.
Jenny has six textbooks. She plans to bring three on a trip. How many ways can she select these books?
The Board of Directors appoints a president, vice president, and treasurer from 5 candidates. How many ways can they be appointed?
Calculate the expected value of a given discrete distribution with specified probabilities.
Find the probability of exactly 10 successes in 15 trials of a binomial distribution with p=0.68.
Find the probability that a basketball player with success probability p=0.74 makes 10 or more out of 15 free throws.
Using normal distribution with μ=20 and σ=4, find the probability x > 25 and that 18
Calculate the probability that the mean of 36 GRE scores (μ=160, σ=24) is between 155 and 165, considering the distribution of the sample mean.
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of adults believing in global warming, given survey data.
Test the researcher's claim that less than 20% of auto accidents involve teenage drivers based on police records from 200 accidents, with a significance level of 0.05.
Perform a hypothesis test to determine if regular exercise influences weight loss, based on data from 5 subjects over 6 months, at α=0.05.
Use a significance level of 0.05 to test whether vacation preferences are evenly distributed among five options, based on survey data.
Given data points x and y for 8 subjects in a weight loss study, find the equation of the regression line.
Complete an ANOVA table for a study comparing mean weight loss across 8 different programs, and determine if the program affects weight loss, with p-value analysis.
Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Statistics plays a crucial role in decision-making across various disciplines by providing quantitative tools to analyze data, assess probabilities, and make predictions. The array of questions presented in this exam covers fundamental concepts in descriptive statistics, probability, inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). This paper offers detailed insights and explanations addressing each question, illustrating how theoretical statistical concepts translate into practical analytical procedures.
True or False Statements
The initial set of statements prompts differentiation between conditions involving variance, data types, central tendency measures, and variable classifications.
(a) If the variance of a data set is zero, then all observations are identical. This statement is true, and in particular, if all are zeros, the variance is zero; however, the key point is that variance zero implies all data points are equal, though not necessarily zero.
(b) The volume of milk in a jug is a continuous variable, not discrete, since it can take any value within a range. Therefore, this statement is false.
(c) The median equals the mean only in symmetrical distributions, which is a well-known property of symmetric datasets.
(d) Last name is a nominal variable as it categorizes individuals without intrinsic order, and so this statement is true.
Sampling Methodology: Systematic Selection
The producer’s systematic sampling entails selecting every kth bottle after a random start within the total set of 80 bottles. To select 5 bottles systematically from 80, the interval k = 80/5 = 16. The producer randomly chooses a starting number between 1 and 16, then selects every 16th bottle thereafter, ensuring even coverage across the batch.
Frequency Distribution and Cumulative Frequencies
For the IQ scores, suppose the total is 1000 adults, and the frequencies are provided with some missing data. To complete the table, use the relation:
\[ \text{Cumulative Frequency} = \text{Sum of all frequencies up to that class} \]
and ensure the total frequency sums to 1000. If specific class frequencies are missing, they can be calculated based on cumulative totals or relative proportions.
Interpreting Box Plot Data
The box plot visually displays the distribution characteristics such as median, quartiles, and potential outliers.
(a) The interval with the fewest students can be deduced from the width of the box and the lengths of the whiskers; if the plot shows a shorter box or fewer data points in a specific interval, that segment has the fewest students.
(b) Counting students in the 50-70 score band involves identifying quartile boundaries and tallying data points within this range based on the plot.
Probability Calculations Involving Cards
For drawing two Queens from a deck:
(a) With replacement, the probability is \(\frac{4}{52} \times \frac{4}{52} = \frac{1}{13} \times \frac{1}{13} = \frac{1}{169}\).
(b) Without replacement, after drawing a Queen first, only 3 Queens remain among 51 cards, so probability is \(\frac{4}{52} \times \frac{3}{51} = \frac{1}{13} \times \frac{1}{17} = \frac{1}{221}\).
Probability of Courses and General Set Theory
Using the inclusion-exclusion principle:
\[ P(\text{STAT200 or PSYC300}) = P(\text{STAT200}) + P(\text{PSYC300}) - P(\text{Both}) \]
\[= \frac{200}{500} + \frac{120}{500} - \frac{50}{500} = 0.4 + 0.24 - 0.10 = 0.54 \]
Rolling Dice; Sums and Probabilities
The favorable outcomes for a sum of 7 when rolling two dice are (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), and (6,1). Total 6 outcomes; total possible outcomes are 36.
Probability = 6/36 = 1/6.
Conversion between probability and odds
(a) Odds of 5/16 mean the ratio of favorable to unfavorable outcomes; converting to odds is straightforwardly 5 to 11 since total probability is 5/16, and the odds are success to failure, which is \(\frac{5}{16} \div (1-\frac{5}{16})=\frac{5}{11}\).
(b) Odds 3 to 5 translate back to probability as \(\frac{3}{3+5} = 0.375\).
Combinatorial Selection Problems
Jenny’s selection of 3 textbooks from 6:
\[ \binom{6}{3} = 20 \]
The unique arrangements of appointing officers:
\[ P = 5 \times 4 \times 3 = 60 \]
since order matters in officer roles.
Expected Value and Binomial Probabilities
Expected value of the given discrete distribution is calculated by summing each value times its probability.
Using a binomial calculator for P(s=10) with n=15 and p=0.68 yields approximately 0.188 (using software).
Calculating the probability of ≥10 successes involves summing binomial probabilities from s=10 to s=15 or using the complement.
Normal Distribution Applications
For \(X \sim N(20,4)\):
(a) \(P(X > 25) = 1 - P(X \leq 25)\), converting to z-score \(z = (25-20)/4=1.25\): from z-tables, \(P(Z \leq 1.25) \approx 0.8944\), so \(P(X > 25) \approx 1 - 0.8944=0.1056\).
(b) \(P(18
For the GRE scores:
Mean of sample means \(\mu_{\bar{x}}=160\).
Standard error \(\sigma_{\bar{x}}=24/6=4\).
Z-scores for 155 and 165 are \((155-160)/4=-1.25\) and \((165-160)/4=1.25\), respectively, with corresponding probabilities approximately 0.1056 for > 25, and about 0.213 for between 155 and 165.
Proportion Confidence Interval for Global Warming
Sample proportion \( p̂ = 650/1000=0.65 \).
Standard error \( SE = \sqrt{\frac{p̂(1-p̂)}{n}}=\sqrt{\frac{0.65 \times 0.35}{1000}} \approx 0.015\).
The 95% confidence interval uses \( Z_{0.975} \approx 1.96 \):
CI = \( p̂ \pm 1.96 \times SE \rightarrow (0.65 - 0.0294, 0.65 + 0.0294) \rightarrow (0.6206, 0.6794) \).
Hypothesis Testing for Auto Accidents
Null hypothesis \(H_0: p \geq 0.20\), alternative \(H_A: p
Sample proportion \( p̂=32/200=0.16 \).
Test statistic: \( z = \frac{p̂ - p_0}{\sqrt{\frac{p_0(1-p_0)}{n}}}=\frac{0.16-0.20}{\sqrt{\frac{0.2 \times 0.8}{200}}} \approx -1.79 \).
P-value from standard normal table roughly 0.0367, less than 0.05, supporting the claim that the true proportion is less than 20%.
Hypothesis Test on Weight Loss
Null hypothesis: \(H_0: \mu_D=0\); alternative: \(H_A: \mu_D
Differences computed for each subject, mean and standard deviation calculated.
Calculate \( t=\frac{\bar{d}}{s/\sqrt{n}} \) and compare to critical value.
Based on p-value, if
Chi-Square Test for Preferences
Null \(H_0\): preferences are evenly distributed, so expected frequency for each category = total responses/5.
Calculate sum of \((O - E)^2 / E\) for all categories, then find p-value from Chi-square distribution with 4 degrees of freedom.
If p-value
Regression Line and ANOVA Analysis
Given coordinate data, compute slope \(b\) and intercept \(a\) using least squares formulas.
For ANOVA, calculate sums of squares: total, between, and within; then mean squares; compute F-statistic and p-value.
Significance indicates whether the differences in means across programs are statistically meaningful.
Conclusion
These diverse questions encapsulate core statistical methodologies essential for scientific research and data analysis, emphasizing the importance of clarity in variable types, proper sampling, probability computation, hypothesis testing, and inference through confidence intervals and ANOVA. Correct interpretation of these concepts fosters robust decision-making and enhances the scientific rigor in studies across disciplines.
References
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