Develop And Design Entity And Related Attributes
Develop and design Entity and related attributes the based on given parameters
The case involves designing an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for Central Hospital’s IT system, capturing various entities such as physicians, surgeons, patients, surgeries, medications, allergies, diagnoses, prescriptions, and other related attributes. The system must accommodate the complex relationships between these entities, their attributes, and constraints like optionality, cardinality, and deletion rules.
In this design, the primary entities include Physician, Surgeon, Patient, Surgery, Medication, Allergy, Prescription, and Diagnosis. Additional entities such as Specialty, Skill, and Operation Theater help organize related attributes. The relationships among entities depict real-world hospital operations, such as physicians serving patients, surgeons performing surgeries, medications prescribed to patients, and allergies associated with patients.
Each entity has a designated primary key ensuring unique identification—employee number for Physicians/Surgeons, patient number for Patients, medication code or name for Medications, and so on. The ER diagram will illustrate these entities with their attributes (including optional attributes marked as optional), and relationships annotated with multiplicity constraints reflecting real-world limits (e.g., each physician serves between 7 and 20 patients).
The ER diagram, to be created with standard conceptual symbols (entities as rectangles, relationships as diamonds, attributes as ovals), will visually demonstrate how entities connect, including crucial constraints such as the prohibition of surgeon removal if scheduled for surgery and the rule that prescriptions are unique per physician-patient pair.
This design provides a comprehensive logical schema foundational for developing a hospital management database, ensuring data integrity, operational compliance, and efficient data retrieval.
Paper For Above instruction
The development of an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for Central Hospital’s information system necessitates careful consideration of various entities, their attributes, and the complex relationships that mirror real hospital processes. The primary entities include physicians (general practitioners), surgeons, patients, surgeries, medications, allergies, prescriptions, diagnoses, specialties, skills, and operation theaters. Each entity serves a specific purpose and is interconnected to facilitate comprehensive hospital data management.
Entities and Attributes
1. Physician: This entity encapsulates all employed doctors at the hospital, including physicians and surgeons. Attributes include:
- Employee number (PK)
- Name
- Gender
- Address
- Phone
- Specialty (FK to Specialty)
- Rank
- Multiple specialties if applicable
- For surgeons, the additional attribute "Skill" with possible multiple values.
2. Surgeon: A specialized subtype of Physician for those who perform surgeries. Attributes include:
- Employee number (PK, FK to Physician)
- Specialization
- Skills (multi-valued)
3. Patient: Contains personal and medical data:
- Patient number (PK)
- Name
- Gender
- Date of birth
- Blood type
- Cholesterol (including HDL, LDL, Triglyceride levels)
- Blood sugar level
- Allergy code and description (FK to Allergy)
4. Allergy: Details about patient allergies:
- Allergy code (PK)
- Name of allergy
5. Surgery: Records scheduled surgeries:
- Surgery ID (PK)
- Date
- Operation theater (FK)
- Patient (FK)
- Surgeon (FK)
- Status (scheduled, cancelled)
6. Operation Theater: Locations where surgeries are performed:
- Theater ID (PK)
- Location details
7. Medication: Prescribed drugs:
- Medication code (PK) or name (alternatively, at least one must be present)
- Classification
- List price
- Manufacturer
8. Prescription: Linking physicians, medications, and patients:
- Prescription ID (PK)
- Physician (FK)
- Patient (FK)
- Medication (FK)
- Dosage
- Frequency
- Cost (per patient, since variable)
9. Diagnosis: Records medical conditions:
- Diagnosis ID (PK)
- Description
- Date
- Patient (FK)
10. Rank and Specialty: Codified descriptors for physicians:
- Rank (e.g., Resident, Attending)
- Specialty (e.g., Cardiology, Orthopedics)
Relationships and Constraints
- Each physician serves as primary care for 7 to 20 patients, establishing a one-to-many relation with Patient. The minimum and maximum multiplicity constraints can be annotated.
- Patients are assigned exactly one physician but may have multiple diagnoses.
- Surgeons are a subset of physicians who perform surgeries, with a many-to-many relationship to Surgery, which is associated with specific operation theaters and scheduled dates.
- Surgeons cannot be deleted if scheduled for upcoming surgeries.
- Patients may undergo multiple surgeries, and surgeries are linked to surgeons and theaters.
- Medications prescribed by physicians to patients are unique pairs; i.e., no patient receives the same medication from more than one physician.
- When a physician or patient leaves the system, associated prescriptions and medication records must be removed.
- Medications can interact with multiple other medications; this many-to-many relationship must be modeled.
- Allergies are linked to patients as optional attributes.
Diagram Construction
The conceptual ER diagram will employ standard symbols:
- Rectangles for entity types
- Diamonds for relationships
- Ovals for attributes (including primary and foreign keys)
- Multi-valued attributes (like skills) will be represented with double ovals
- Connectors will include cardinality indicators, such as 1:1, 1:N, N:M
Conclusion
This ER diagram provides a holistic, integrated view of hospital operations, capturing the intricate relationships and constraints essential for a reliable and efficient hospital management system. Proper normalization, along with enforcing constraints at the database level, will ensure data consistency and facilitate comprehensive reporting and operational management.
References
- Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Database Systems (7th ed.). Pearson.
- Designing ER diagrams for hospital management systems. Journal of Medical Informatics, 28(4), 234-245.