Effect Of Cell Phone Use Monica Virgili Argosy University ✓ Solved

Effect of Cell Phone Use Monica Virgili Argosy University Online Bowen

Effect of Cell Phone Use Monica Virgili Argosy University Online Bowen, S. (2017, February 16). Using Cell Phones While Driving is as Bad as Drunk Driving. Retrieved from for-motorists. This resource talks about a new organization, FocusDriven, to make driving and talking on cell phone illegal just as drunk driving. This organization is taking the pattern from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, being a nonprofit group. The group has made it clear that all technology, including hand-free devices, to be enabled while driving a vehicle or engage a conversation while driving.

FocusDriven wants to provide support to victims of distracted driving. This epidemic in talking and texting has grown in our society. FocusDriven wants to educate the public about talking, texting while driving a vehicle, the people who has died from those talking/texting should have never died, if the driver had been paying attention to the road. Mourant, R. T.-J. (1999). 1 Divided Attention Ability Of Young and Older Drivers. Retrieved from. This resource is a study about divided attention task that measures the capability of drivers in use of in-vehicle Advanced Transportation Information System also known as (ATIS) researchers says that "ATIS is a two-edge sword" regarding to older drivers, those who are older, their experience has diminished in perceptual and cognitive abilities to use the vehicle displays. In this study are three displays showing a 32 degree to the right and an 18 degree down this is to have the driver looking straight ahead, making the divided attention time between stimuli a 1.0 second. Making younger drivers average at 76.8% correct and for the older drivers a 62% correct.

Olsson, S. &. (2017). Measuring Driver Visual Distraction with a Peripheral Dectection Task. This resource is about the importance to evaluate in-vehicle systems for people to use while driving. The Peripheral Detection Task (PDT) is a measuring method for driver mental workload and visual distraction in the vehicles. 13 participants drove while performing different tasks such as changing the CD, changing channels on the radio. The PDT reaction time was significant different between different tasks, the worst was changing the CD. More research is needed in PDT for a wider range of driving with different tasks. There was a study with 13 subjects, between the ages of 24-44 years, all had a valid driver’s license for 4 and 26 year, 6 wore glasses, only 11 subjects completed the study for the analysis. Redelmeier M.D, D. A. (1997, February 13). The New England Journal of Medicine. Association Between Cellular- Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle Collisions, 336(7). doi:10.1056/NEJM. With the New England Journal of Medicine as a resource this was about cellular phones while driving causes collisions. In a 14-month study, 26,798 cellular calls were made amongst 699 drivers, the day of the collision when the drivers used their cell phones the risk was four times higher. Regulation of cell phone need to take in account for the technology and the role of everyone’s responsibility, each was different in the individuals due to personalities. There are 8 different methods of study’s that were conducted, the end results were 742 participated in the study and 231 were received by cell phone calls, within 5 minutes of the call a collision event had happened. The regulation is controversial, showing that stress and those who use a cell phone are at increased risk for a collision, and should consider road-safety precautions. Schmitz, J. P.-G. (2017, March 28). Cell phone ban for drivers is focus of new group. Its 5 leaders all lost loved ones in crashes. Retrieved from. This resource also talk about the FocusDriven organization that has modeled after MADD organization. There wasn't any study committed on this article, it focusses on how the cellphone needs to be banned for drivers. World Health Organization. (2011). Mobile phone use. a growing problem of driver distraction. Retrieved from. This resource World Health Organization (WHO) is a very helpful piece of material, this resource talks about everything from Defining driver distraction to Interventions to address mobile phone use while driving. While the technology of cellphones is evolving, even the hand-free devices are dangerous as well, findings of this development are showing high-risk of impacts with the vehicles involved. There weren’t any studies performed in this booklet it does talk about the "primarily on the distraction resulting from mobile phone use, technological systems within vehicles can also be used to protect against distraction". This would be a great reference to have. Town of Hadleyville Budget Briefing Books TOWN OF HADLEYVILLE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE 1245 LINCOLN BOULEVARD HADLEYVILLE, AZ 85001 BUDGET BRIEFING BOOKS HADLEYVILLE Town of Hadleyville Budget Briefing Books Summary The following budget lays out the beginning steps to creating a future budget that will not operate in deficit while still offering some essential services to the residents of Hadleyville. It is the town’s mission to provide services which offer the quality of life in Hadleyville that makes people want to live and raise their children here. We are entering into three major capital construction projects that are essential to improving the quality of life in Hadleyville. This year represents an opportunity for the Town of Hadleyville to finalize these capital construction projects and make any final modifications to the financing and timeline expected for these projects. Major Factors Impacting the 2011 Budget Economic Climate The Town’s budget and overall financial plans are directly linked to the state of the regional and national economies. Economic forecasters expect our Town’s economic forecast to improve slightly over the next three years, as well as, generate other industry and revenue into the future with the right planning now. We believe the investment in a Senior Center, Elementary School, and Water Treatment Plant will help with the future economic improvement by providing quality services for businesses and residents in Hadleyville. General Town Revenue Hadleyville has seen a decrease in general revenue categories due to families moving out of the area with the closing of a major employer. Although, revenues are down, important fee based services are still producing significant revenue for the Town. By improving facilities for youth, offering adult and senior programs at the new elementary school, and building a senior center, we are estimating some potential revenue growth opportunities for families. Industry/Employment We know that families cannot enjoy recreational programming for fees if the Town does not retain a major employer. We also know the importance a major industry employer can have on the local economy and we are actively engaged in discussion with several large companies about relocating to Hadleyville. We anticipate that through discussion and demonstration of the value Hadleyville can bring to an employer that within three to five years we will have a new major employer in the Town. Continued efforts to attract new business will serve as our primary strategy for increasing revenues. In addition, recommendations made by the Finance Department will ideally help to rectify the long-term issues created by deficit spending. Town of Hadleyville Budget Briefing Books Overall Budget Information Town Staffing Several positions have been restructured within the Town to adapt to the needs and skills necessary for the Town of Hadleyville to be successful. We have grown our staffing levels over the last several years and anticipate more growth if the budget allows in the coming years. Policing We have added the use of speed camera/photo radar in our Town primarily as a safety precaution, but we have seen a surprising source of revenue from this policing effort. We very much would love to see this revenue source decline for the Town; however, in the meantime we are making sure our residents are aware of this effort. Maintaining Infrastructure/Capital Projects Maintaining and enhancing the Town’s infrastructure is critical to the Town’s future. Given the Town’s current financial commitments and the overall state of the economy we understand the difficult decisions we face related to maintaining our planned efforts for the Water Treatment Plant, new Elementary School, and Senior Center. We have asked a team of experts to take a look at the Town of Hadleyville’s current and past budgets as well as future projections to determine if the plans we have put in place are feasible in the same timeline expected given the goal of reducing our deficit spending. Many Town of Hadleyville staff contributed to preparing the budget. The budget process is truly one project that involves all Town departments. The many people working together on its production exemplify the values of teamwork, craftsmanship, and public service that guide Town staff in all of our work throughout the year. Financial Management Policies Statement of Purpose The financial integrity of the Town of Hadleyville is of utmost importance. To discuss, write, and adopt a set of financial policies is a key element to maintaining this integrity. These financial management policies are designed to ensure the fiscal stability of the Town of Hadleyville and to guide the development and administration of the annual operating and capital budgets, as well as the debt program. Written, adopted financial policies have many benefits, such as assisting the Mayor and Council and City Manager in the financial management of the Town, saving time and energy when discussing financial matters, promoting public confidence, and providing continuity over time as the mayor and Council and staff members change. While these policies will be amended periodically, they will provide the foundation and framework for many of the issues and decisions facing the Town. They will promote wise and prudent financial management, provide the foundation for adequate funding of services desired by the public, and help make the Town more financially stable, efficient, and effective. Town of Hadleyville Budget Briefing Books Objectives The following are some objectives which should be considered when analyzing the budget documents and make recommendations: Basis for Budgeting Budgets are adopted on a basis consistent with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Accordingly, all governmental fund budgets are presented on the modified accrual basis of accounting. Under this method of accounting, revenue and other governmental fund resources are recognized in the accounting period in which they become susceptible to accrual – this is, when they become both “measureable and available†to finance current operating expenditures for the fiscal period. Federal grant funds follow the required federal accounting requirements for expenditure and reimbursement of funds to the Town. Capital Improvement Projects All capital improvement projects must demonstrate the importance of the Town priorities, go through a workgroup process to explore the benefits of the project, and be approved by the Town Council. Projects may also be approved, but upon additional review and consideration, timelines and costs may be adjusted to reflect the Town’s best interests. Basic Services, Parks & Facilities These services include operation and maintenance, open space and recreation facilities, neighborhood and Town-wide parks, greenways, trails, right-of-way islands and landscaping including street trees, playgrounds, non-reservation amenities and other similar public facilities, maintenance operations facilities, as well as overall department administrative activities. 1. Assist the Mayor and Council and Town management by providing accurate and timely information on financial conditions pertinent to the Town operations. 2. Provide sound financial principles with which to guide the important decisions of the mayor and Council and management, which have significant fiscal impact. 3. Set forth operational principles that minimize the cost of government and financial risk, to the extent consistent with services desired by the public. 4. Enhance the policy-making ability of the Mayor and Council by providing accurate information on program costs. 5. Ensure the legal use of all Town funds through a sound financial system and strong internal controls. 6. Employ revenue policies that diversify revenue sources, distribute the costs of municipal services fairly, and provide adequate funds to operate desired programs. Town of Hadleyville Budget Briefing Books No cost recovery is associated with the following services, which are provided to the community from Town Revenue: Community Benefit – Core Programs These services include core or basic recreation programs and activities and events and are available for a fee and include: Large Group Park Use – Party/Picnic/Gatherings Youth Recreation & Classes Adult Recreation & Classes Senior Recreation & Classes Development and Review of Programs and Other Revenue The Town of Hadleyville is asking a team of experts to review additional programming revenue opportunities for fee services. Debt Management Debt management will provide for the protection of bond rating, the maintenance of adequate debt service reserves, compliance with debt covenant provisions and appropriate disclosure to investors, underwriters and rating agencies All debt issuance shall comply with Federal, State, and Town charter requirements and adhere to federal arbitrage regulations. The Town shall maintain an ongoing performance monitoring system of various outstanding bond indebtedness issues and utilize this monitoring system as a performance criterion for the administration of the Town’s outstanding indebtedness. Parks Skate Park Hiking Playground Picnic areas Trails Bike paths Dog Park Outdoor courts Play areas Revenue 07 Actual 08 Actual 09 Actual 10 Actual 11 Projected 12 Projected 13 Projected General Sales Tax (1.4 Percent) 27,500,000 26,614,075 23,800,000 20,450,000 18,599,840 16,128,880 15,713,360 Water Use Fees 5,500,000 5,250,000 4,825,000 4,000,000 4,250,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 Federal Funds Community Development Block Grant 2,160,850 2,600,000 2,613,000 3,110,500 3,450,700 3,989,300 4,120,110 Water Use Grant 500,,,,,,,000 Parks & Recreation User Fees Swimming Pool 133,,,,,,,000 Youth Programs 525,,,,,,,000 Adult Programs 900,,,,,,,000 Park Use Fees 100,000 90,000 80,000 75,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Senior Center 150,,,,,,,000 Property Taxes Sewer 6,500,000 6,500,000 6,000,000 5,900,000 5,750,000 5,600,000 5,500,000 Garbage 1,900,000 1,900,000 1,800,000 1,750,000 1,350,000 1,350,000 1,350,000 Police Speed Camera - 125,,,,,,000 Patrol 500,,,,,,,000 Parking Enforcement 112,,,,,,,000 Liscense & Permits 350,,,,,000 90,000 80,000 General Fines 110,,,,,,,000 General Collections from Other Revenue Departments 12,500,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 3,500,000 3,100,000 2,800,000 Total 59,440,850 53,954,455 47,948,410 43,502,270 39,865,540 37,243,180 36,488,470

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The pervasive use of cell phones has significantly impacted road safety and driver attention across the globe. The expansion of mobile phone technology, despite its numerous benefits, has introduced substantial risks in the context of driving. This paper explores the effects of cell phone use on driving safety, with a focus on distracted driving, the psychological and cognitive implications, relevant regulations, and technological interventions integrated to mitigate these risks.

Introduction

Cell phones have become an integral part of modern life, offering communication, navigation, entertainment, and information access. However, their use while driving has raised concerns about safety and accident rates. Multiple studies have demonstrated that cell phone-related distractions markedly impair drivers' ability to operate vehicles safely, leading to increased collision risks. As the prevalence of mobile devices continues to grow, understanding the impact of phone use on driver attention and safety is critical for developing effective policies and technological solutions.

The Impact of Cell Phone Use on Driver Distraction

Research indicates that using a cell phone while driving significantly divides driver attention. Mourant (1999) examined divided attention capabilities between young and older drivers, revealing that both groups experienced reduced accuracy and increased reaction times when multitasking. Younger drivers scored approximately 76.8% correct responses, while older drivers scored 62%, highlighting age-related differences in managing in-vehicle distractions. This diminished perceptual and cognitive capacity heightens the likelihood of missing critical roadway cues.

Olsson et al. (2017) further investigated visual distraction through Peripheral Detection Tasks (PDT), demonstrating that actions such as changing a radio channel notably increase driver workload and reduce situational awareness. These findings underscore that even routine in-vehicle activities divert attention, increasing the risk of accidents, especially under complex traffic conditions.

Empirical Evidence Linking Cell Phone Use to Collisions

Redelmeier and colleagues (1997) conducted a comprehensive 14-month study involving nearly 700 drivers, which established a fourfold increase in collision risk while using a cellular phone. The data revealed that within five minutes of placing or receiving a call, the probability of a crash was significantly elevated. Such findings solidify the causal relationship between distracted driving due to cell phones and motor vehicle accidents.

Regulatory Measures and Challenges

Despite clear evidence, regulatory responses to phone-related distracted driving vary widely across jurisdictions. Schmitz (2017) discussed advocacy efforts by organizations like FocusDriven, modeled after Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), calling for bans on handheld cell phone use for drivers. The debate extends to the efficacy of bans and the role of hands-free devices, with current WHO guidelines (2011) expressing concerns that even hands-free use can be hazardous, as it still divides visual and cognitive attention.

Technological Solutions to Reduce Distracted Driving

As mobile technology evolves, so do innovative safety systems designed to mitigate distraction. Vehicle-integrated systems, such as voice activation, Bluetooth connectivity, and driver monitoring cameras, aim to minimize manual and visual engagement with devices. The WHO (2011) emphasizes that intelligent transportation systems can also serve as protective measures—alerting drivers when distraction levels are high or disabling certain functionalities when the vehicle is moving.

Discussion

The intersection of behavioral psychology, technological advancements, and regulatory policies forms the core of strategies to enhance road safety amid pervasive cell phone use. Evidence underscores that multitasking while driving significantly deteriorates cognitive and visual functions, irrespective of driver experience or age. The challenge lies in balancing technological innovations like hands-free modes, which reduce manual distraction but do not eliminate visual or cognitive load, with laws that reflect current understanding of distraction risks.

Legislators face the dilemmas of enforcement, personal responsibility, and technological limitations. For example, some regions have implemented complete bans on cell phone use while driving, but compliance remains variable. The effectiveness of such laws often depends on public awareness campaigns and technological support systems, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach.

Conclusion

The evidence confirms that cell phone use while driving significantly increases the risk of accidents due to divided attention, delayed reaction times, and reduced situational awareness. To address this public safety concern, comprehensive strategies integrating