Evidence Tables For Student Literature Review

Evidence Tablestudenta Literature Review Is The Foundation For Every R

A literature review is fundamental to research, serving as the foundation upon which studies are built. It systematically synthesizes existing empirical research articles, providing a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This process involves summarizing each study’s research question, theoretical framework, research design, sample characteristics, variables, interventions, major findings, limitations, and implications. Recognizing similarities and differences among studies helps identify themes and gaps, informing future research directions and practice applications. Critical analysis aids in evaluating the body of evidence, revealing areas needing further exploration and guiding the development of robust, evidence-based research frameworks.

Paper For Above instruction

The selected article for critical appraisal is by Ali, Reda, and Ormago (2020), titled "Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland." This study investigates the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among pregnant women and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates, contributing valuable data to maternal health and infectious disease literature.

The research question posed by Ali et al. concerns the prevalence of UTIs among pregnant women in Somaliland and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogens responsible for these infections. Their purpose is to determine how widespread UTIs are in this population and to identify the antibiotics to which these bacteria remain susceptible. The study is grounded in the framework of infectious disease epidemiology, emphasizing the importance of local antimicrobial resistance patterns in guiding treatment protocols.

Employing a cross-sectional study design, Ali et al. collected urine samples from pregnant women presenting at Hargeisa Group Hospital over a specified period. The sample consisted of pregnant women attending antenatal care, selected through consecutive sampling until the target number was reached. Culture and sensitivity tests were performed to isolate bacteria and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.

The variables measured included the presence of bacteria in urine samples (indicating UTI), types of bacteria isolated, and their resistance patterns to various antibiotics. The intervention measures were antibiotics used in susceptibility testing, such as ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin. Major findings revealed a high prevalence of asymptomatic UTIs, primarily caused by Escherichia coli, with significant resistance noted against commonly prescribed antibiotics like ampicillin. These findings suggest a need to review empirical treatment guidelines based on local resistance patterns.

Ali et al. acknowledged limitations such as the single-center setting, small sample size, and lack of follow-up data to assess clinical outcomes beyond antimicrobial susceptibility. They identified gaps in understanding the broader epidemiology of UTIs in Somaliland, especially concerning resistance trends over time and in different regions.

The study's implications for practice include the necessity to update local empirical antibiotic policies according to resistance patterns, improve diagnostic protocols, and promote antimicrobial stewardship programs to curb resistance development. For research, further studies could explore longitudinal trends, larger population samples, and intervention strategies to reduce UTI prevalence among pregnant women.

When analyzing this study in conjunction with others, notable similarities include the focus on the prevalence of UTIs during pregnancy and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Differences emerge in geographic focus, research methodologies, and the specific bacterial pathogens studied. For example, Agarwal et al. (2021) and Azami et al. (2019) also explore UTI prevalence but in different populations and contexts, highlighting that resistance patterns vary globally and underscore the need for localized data.

Emerging themes across the literature include the rising challenge of antimicrobial resistance, the importance of early detection of asymptomatic UTIs in pregnancy, and the necessity for tailored treatment strategies. Gaps identified across studies center on limited longitudinal data, inadequate regional surveillance, and a paucity of intervention research to reduce UTI incidence and resistance.

Future research should aim to address these gaps by conducting large-scale, multicenter studies to assess temporal changes in resistance, intervention trials for prevention strategies, and policy analyses to guide antibiotic stewardship. Additionally, investigating socio-economic determinants, healthcare access, and education’s role in UTI management could provide a more holistic understanding and improve maternal health outcomes.

References

• Ali, A. H., Reda, D. Y., & Ormago, M. D. (2020). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1234.
• Agrwal, A., Pandey, S., Maheshwari, U., Singh, M. P., Srivastava, J., & Bose, S. (2021). Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and antimicrobial resistance profile among pregnant females in a tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 46(3), 469–473.
• Azami, M., Jaafari, Z., Masoumi, M., Shohani, M., Badfar, G., Mahmudi, L., & Abbasalizadeh, S. (2019). The etiology and prevalence of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urology, 19, Article 49.
• Hudson, R. E., Job, K. M., Sayre, C. L., Krepkova, L. V., Sherwin, C. M., & Enioutina, E. Y. (2022). Examination of complementary medicine for treating urinary tract infections among pregnant women and children. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 883216.
• Yan, L., Jin, Y., Hang, H., & Yan, B. (2018). The association between urinary tract infection during pregnancy and preeclampsia: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(36), e11946.
• World Health Organization. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance. WHO Press.
• Hooton, T. M., & Scholes, D. (2018). Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. UpToDate.
• Stanton, D. A., & Peeling, R. W. (2020). Rapid diagnostic tests for detection of urinary tract infections. Infectious Disease Clinics, 34(3), 529–543.
• World Health Organization. (2019). Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report. WHO.
• Foxman, B. (2014). Urinary tract infection syndromes: Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infectious Disease Clinics, 28(1), 1–13.