Explain The Step-By-Step Sequence Of Events In Detail

In Your Own Word Explain The Stepssequence Of Events In Detail T

Explain the steps or sequence of events that occur when a host sends packets destined for different types of addresses:

  • a) When the destination address is a local address included in the host’s ARP table.
  • b) When the destination address is a local address not included in the host’s ARP table.
  • c) When the destination address is not on the host’s network.
  • Additionally, identify the type of connector used in each of the following network standards:
  • a) 10base5
  • b) 10/100/1000BaseT
  • c) 10base2

Paper For Above instruction

Understanding the sequence of events when a network host transmits data packets to various destination addresses is fundamental to grasping network communication mechanisms. This process varies based on whether the destination is within the local subnet or elsewhere on the network, and whether the destination address is known to the host. This paper elucidates these sequences and identifies physical connection types associated with different Ethernet standards.

Communication When Destination is a Local Address Included in ARP Table

If a host needs to send data to a local address already present in its ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) table, the process is straightforward and efficient. The ARP table maintains mappings of IP addresses to MAC (Media Access Control) addresses for devices within the same subnet that the host has previously communicated with. Since the MAC address of the destination is known, the host constructs an Ethernet frame with the destination MAC address and sends it directly over the network.

The sequence begins when the host’s network layer identifies the IP address of the destination. It consults the ARP table and retrieves the corresponding MAC address. The host then encapsulates the packet into an Ethernet frame, sets the MAC addresses accordingly, and transmits it to the destination device. Because the destination MAC is known, no ARP broadcast request (ARP request) is necessary, resulting in a swift and direct data transfer.

Communication When Destination is a Local Address Not Included in ARP Table

If the host needs to communicate with a local address that is not in its ARP table, it must perform ARP resolution first. The host broadcasts an ARP request on the network, asking, "Who has IP address X?" This broadcast is received by all devices in the subnet. The device with the matching IP address responds with an ARP reply, providing its MAC address.

Once the host receives this reply, it updates its ARP table with the new IP-to-MAC mapping. Subsequently, it constructs the Ethernet frame with this MAC address and sends the data packet directly to the target device. This process introduces a slight delay due to the ARP broadcast and response but ensures accurate delivery within the local network.

Communication When the Address is Not on the Host’s Network

If the destination IP address is outside the host’s local subnet, the host first determines that the target is remote. It then sends the packet to its default gateway (router). The host checks its routing table; if the route is available, it forwards the packet to the gateway's MAC address.

Before forwarding, the host performs ARP resolution to find the MAC address of its default gateway if not already in its ARP cache. The Ethernet frame is then formed: its destination MAC address is that of the default gateway, and the packet encapsulates the IP packet destined for the remote host. The router then receives this frame, decapsulates it, and forwards the packet towards its final destination based on its routing table. This process continues across the network until the packet reaches its target in another subnet or network segment.

Identification of Connector Types in Ethernet Standards

Different Ethernet standards utilize various physical connectors suited to their transmission media:

  • 10base5: Also known as “Thicknet,” employs a thick coaxial cable connected via AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) connectors. The connector used is a vampire tap which attaches directly to the thick coaxial cable.
  • 10/100/1000BaseT: These Ethernet standards use twisted pair cabling, commonly Category 5e or Category 6 cables. The connector used is an RJ45 modular connector, which is standardized for Ethernet connections over twisted pair cables.
  • 10base2: Known as “Thinnet,” employs thin coaxial cable and uses BNC connectors. Devices connect to the cable via a T-connector or BNC connector, which provides a secure connection for thin coaxial cables.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the process of packet transmission within the network hinges largely on whether the destination IP address resides within the local network or not. The ARP process plays a vital role in translating IP addresses to MAC addresses when needed, ensuring proper data delivery. Physical connector types are equally significant because they determine the media used for transmission and are characteristic of different Ethernet standards. Understanding these mechanisms enhances comprehension of network operations, troubleshooting, and infrastructure planning.

References

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