Human Learning Additional Assignment Directions Please Answe

Human Learning Additional Assignmentdirections Please Answer the Foll

Elizabeth gets a ticket for texting while driving under the influence that results in a $150 fine and suspension of his driving license. Is this classical or operant conditioning? What's the behavior involved? Will it increase or decrease? What type of consequence is involved?

Danielle is bitten by the neighbor's Pit Bull. Now whenever she sees a dog in the neighborhood, she becomes afraid and runs away. She still enjoys petting her own family's cocker spaniel. Is this classical or operant conditioning? What is the conditioned stimulus? Unconditioned stimulus? Conditioned and unconditioned response? Is this an example of stimulus generalization? Stimulus discrimination?

Walter’s date was wearing a very alluring perfume on their recent date. The date itself was went really well. The following day when Walter gets into his car he smells the lingering scent of his date's cologne and becomes transfixed with joy. Is this classical or operant conditioning? What is the unconditioned stimulus? Conditioned stimulus? Unconditioned and conditioned response? Is this an example of stimulus generalization or discrimination? Can Walter forget about his date and just go purchase a bottle of the cologne? Will his reaction subside?

Elizabeth has a panic attack during on the metro. Now the mere thought of the metro makes her very nervous. Elizabeth is still afraid of metro systems even though she never rode the metro again. Is this classical or operant conditioning? What are the US, CS, UR, and CR? Why hasn't this response extinguished?

Kaitlyn is at the National History Museum with her Aunt Bea. As they walk around the museum, Kaitlyn starts whining a souvenir from the gift shop. She begins to whine and pout when her Aunt tells her no. After her Aunt’s consistent refusal, Kaitlyn gives them the silent treatment. Her Aunt decides to let her buy something from the museum gift shop. This happens again when they visit a museum. Is this classical or operant? What is Kaitlyn’s behavior in this example? What kind of consequence follows her behavior? What is Aunt Bea’s behavior in this example? What kind of consequence follows her behavior? How could have Aunt Bea handled this situation differently?

Henry your dog has learned that your presence in the kitchen is associated with food. Henry has learned that he can encourage your presence in the kitchen on Saturday mornings by jumping on your bed and barking. You decide to get up and feed Henry, but the problem only gets worse on subsequent weekends. Classical or operant? You know the drill. If it's operant, what kind of consequence is involved? If it's classical, what are the assorted stimuli and responses? Could it be both operant and classical?

You throw a wild party at which you consume too much alcohol (vodka and orange juice). You become very sick and spend a few hours vomiting. The next morning while cleaning up the mess, you get a whiff of the vodka and orange juice that were still sitting out in the kitchen. You immediately become nauseated and run to the bathroom to vomit some more. Classical or operant? What are the stimuli and responses involved?

Your uncle gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. Classical or instrumental? What are the stimuli and responses involved?

Your ears cold so you put on your earmuffs on. In the future, you are more likely to put earmuffs on when it’s cold. Classical or instrumental? What are the stimuli and responses involved?

John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat. Classical or instrumental? What are the stimuli and responses involved?

Paper For Above instruction

Understanding human learning through classical and operant conditioning provides critical insights into behavioral development and modification. This paper explores a series of scenarios illustrating these conditioning principles, analyzing the types of learning involved, the stimuli and responses, and the implications of outcomes.

1. Classical or Operant Conditioning? Elizabeth’s Traffic Ticket

Elizabeth’s reaction to receiving a traffic ticket serves as an example of operant conditioning. Her behavior—texting while driving under the influence leading to the fine and license suspension—is voluntary. The consequence—a penalty—decreases the likelihood of engaging in the behavior again. The punishment acts as an aversive consequence, discouraging future texting under similar circumstances, characteristic of operant conditioning (Skinner, 1953). This form of learning involves an active behavior influenced by its consequences, contrasting with classical conditioning where associations refine reflexive responses (Pavlov, 1927).

2. Classical Conditioning: Danielle’s Fear of Dogs

Danielle’s situation exemplifies classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the Pit Bull bite, causing an unconditioned response (UR) of fear. The conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes any dog in the neighborhood, eliciting a conditioned response (CR) of fear. Her previous enjoyment of petting her family's cocker spaniel indicates stimulus discrimination; she responds fearfully only to certain dogs, not all. This learning process involves forming associations between the CS and US, with generalization occurring if she fears all dogs after just one bite (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972).

3. Classical Conditioning: Walter’s Cologne and Joy

Walter’s reaction to the lingering cologne involves classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the positive experience of the date, which naturally causes joy (unconditioned response, UR). The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the scent of the cologne present in the environment after the date. The conditioned response (CR) is the joy triggered by the scent alone. This exemplifies stimulus generalization, where similar stimuli—different scents—may evoke a similar emotional response (Pavlov, 1927). Walter could potentially purchase cologne, but the reaction might diminish over time without reinforcement, indicating extinction of the conditioned response (Bouton, 2002).

4. Classical Conditioning: Elizabeth’s Panic and Fear of the Metro

Elizabeth’s fear is a classical conditioning example. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is her panic attack, causing an unconditioned response (UR) of fear. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the thought of the metro, which, through pairing with the panic attack, now elicits the conditioned response (CR) of fear and nervousness. The response persists because it has not been sufficiently established as extinct; the absence of exposure or counter-conditioning maintains the fear response (Mineka & Öhman, 2002).

5. Operant Conditioning: Kaitlyn’s Behavior and Aunt Bea’s Responses

Kaitlyn’s whining and silent treatment are operant behaviors reinforced by consequences. Her whining is reinforced by her aunt eventually giving in and buying her a souvenir, increasing this behavior (positive reinforcement). The silent treatment is also a result of reinforcement, as it might lead her aunt to capitulate to behavior she otherwise wouldn't tolerate. Aunt Bea’s behavior—refusing initially—is reinforced by the cessation of Kaitlyn’s behavior, demonstrating negative reinforcement to suppress undesirable behavior. To handle this better, Aunt Bea could establish consistent boundaries, reinforcing desirable behavior and ignoring the whining or silent treatment, fostering healthier behavioral patterns (Skinner, 1953).

6. Operant and Classical Conditioning: Henry’s Rescue Behavior

Henry’s learned behavior involves both classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning occurs as he associates your presence with food (stimuli-response pairing). Operantly, his barking and jumping serve as behaviors that are reinforced by your giving him food, strengthening the behavior over time (Reinforcement). This dual process can lead to compulsive behavior if left unregulated. Addressing this involves both extinguishing the operant behavior and disrupting the classical association.

7. Classical Conditioning: Drinking and Nausea

In this scenario, classical conditioning causes nausea upon smelling the alcohol. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the alcohol causing sickness (UR), and the conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes the smell of vodka and orange juice. The conditioned response (CR) is the nausea triggered by the scent, illustrating how classical learning can lead to aversive reactions to environmental stimuli associated with negative experiences (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972).

8. Classical or Instrumental? College Success and Credit Card

Receiving a credit card and subsequent improvement in grades exemplifies instrumental (operant) conditioning. The stimuli are the credit card and the positive academic environment, with responses being increased effort and better grades. The credit card acts as a reinforcing stimulus, motivating continued behaviors that lead to academic success (Skinner, 1953).

9. Classical or Operant? Wearing Earmuffs When Cold

This behavior is operant conditioning. The stimuli—cold temperatures—are associated with the response—putting on earmuffs—reinforced because it alleviates discomfort. Over time, the response becomes more likely when the stimulus (cold) is present, illustrating learned behavior based on the consequence of feeling warm (Reinforcement). This is a typical example of adaptive operant learning (Breland & Breland, 1961).

10. Classical or Operant? Albert and the White Rat

Watson’s experiment with Albert is a classic case of classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the loud noise causing fear (UR). The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the white rat, which elicits a conditioned response (CR) of fear after pairing with the US. This demonstrates how emotional responses can be learned through association, a foundational concept in behaviorism (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

References

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