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In chapter eight, you learned about different theories explaining the possible causes for deviant behavior. Consider the theories of differential association, control, and labeling. Define these three theories, and explain how each theory may contribute to deviant behavior. Choose one notable theorist from the text, and discuss his or her major theory and/or their major contribution to the field of Sociology in great detail. For example, Karl Marx and Conflict Theory, or Max Weber and his thoughts on “value free” research. (150 words min)

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Deviant behavior, which encompasses actions that violate societal norms and expectations, has been extensively studied in sociology through various theoretical lenses. Three prominent theories that explain the potential causes of deviance are differential association theory, control theory, and labeling theory. Each provides unique insights into how and why individuals may engage in deviant acts, emphasizing different social processes and interactions.

Differential Association Theory posits that deviant behavior is learned through interaction with others who promote such behaviors. Proposed by Edwin Sutherland, this theory emphasizes the importance of social relationships and communication. Individuals adopt deviant behaviors when they are exposed to groups or peers who favor deviance over conformity. For example, a youth who associates with delinquent peers may learn and internalize their attitudes towards criminal activities, increasing the likelihood of engaging in deviance. The frequency, duration, and intensity of these associations influence the degree of deviant behavior, highlighting the significance of social environment in shaping individual conduct.

Control Theory suggests that deviance results from the weakening or absence of social bonds that normally regulate behavior. Travis Hirschi, a key proponent, argued that strong ties to conventional society—such as family, school, and employment—serve as informal social controls that discourage deviance. When these bonds are fragile or broken, individuals are more inclined to engage in deviant acts. For instance, a person with poor family relationships or little involvement in community activities may feel less constrained by societal expectations, thus more prone to criminal behavior. Control theory emphasizes the importance of social integration and attachment in preventing deviance.

Labeling Theory centers on the societal reaction to deviant behavior and how labels influence individual identity and future conduct. According to sociologist Howard Becker, once someone is branded as a deviant—either by peers, authorities, or society—they may internalize this label, which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. For example, a juvenile caught stealing may be labeled as a delinquent, which increases the likelihood of future criminal acts due to societal exclusion and internalized stigma. Labeling theory highlights how social reactions and perceptions can perpetuate deviant careers and marginalize individuals.

Among prominent sociologists, Emile Durkheim made a significant contribution through his functionalist perspective on deviance. Durkheim argued that deviance serves important social functions, such as reaffirming societal norms, promoting social change, and strengthening social cohesion. He believed that deviance is an inevitable aspect of social life, as it encourages collective responses that reinforce shared values. Durkheim’s work laid a foundation for understanding how social structures and collective morality influence deviant behavior and societal regulation.

References

• Burgess, R. L., & Akers, R. L. (1966). A Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory of criminal behavior. Journal of Criminology, 4(2), 105-123.
• Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. University of California Press.
• Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Free Press.
• Durkheim, E. (1895). The Rules of Sociological Method. Free Press, 1982.
• Schwartz, M. S., & Gibbons, D. C. (2020). The Sociology of Deviance. Routledge.
• Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3), 552-584.
• Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Principles of Criminology. J.B. Lippincott Company.
• Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press.
• Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Prentice-Hall.
• Lemert, E. M. (1951). Social Pathology. McGraw-Hill.