Instructions For Anatomy Paper Movement In The Human Body

Instructions For Anatomy Papermovement In The Human Body Is Possible D

Instructions For Anatomy Papermovement In The Human Body Is Possible D

Instructions For Anatomy Paper Movement in the human body is possible due to specific interactions between the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems. For this paper, you will describe these interactions as your body goes through specific actions. Scenario You see a delicious cookie on the table in front of you. You decide you will try one. To do this you must: 1) Lift your arm directly in front of you to reach for the cookie – you produce movement at the shoulder 2) Grasp the cookie with your fingers and your thumb – you produce movements at the MP joints 3) Bring the cookie to your mouth – you produce movement at your elbow Required Elements The paper must have the following elements as you describe how getting this cookie to your mouth is possible: 1) APA Style: The paper should written in APA style, have an abstract, separate sections with headings, a bibliography page & be properly sited. See link in blackboard for specifics 2) An Introduction: Introduce the topic by explaining the role each system plays in movement and how these systems interact to produce movement in general (no specific movements here). The introduction should be a thorough discussion of the topic before you get specific. 3) Motor Pathway: The specific path the nerve signal travels through the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves so that the conscious thought that starts in the brain “I will pick up the cookie” reaches the muscles and causes movement at the joint. (The motor pathway as discussed in class) – This is described only once in general, NOT for each specific movement! 4) Nerve Physiology: The mechanism by which the nerve signal is initiated in the neuron, propagated down the axon and passed to the muscles (Nerve physiology as discussed in class) 5) Muscle Physiology: The mechanism by which the muscles are stimulated by the nerve and then contract, including sliding filament theory (Muscle Physiology as discussed in class). 6) Descriptions of the interaction between the nerves, muscles and bones for each movement: you should describe specifically what happens when going through movements 1-3 above. Be sure to: a. Name the movements that occur at the joints (flexion, elevation, extension abduction etc.). b. Name the specific nerves that stimulate the specific muscles to pull the specific bones to produce movements you identified at the joint. c. DO NOT LIST the bones, joints, muscles, and nerves! Name them as you describe what is happening – how they are interacting with each other to produce movement. See example below Example: “ There are many motor and sensory neurological pathways that combine the CNS and PNS. In this example, in order to move any muscle or coordinate any muscle group the following neuropathway is utilized by the nervous system......” “Each nerve cell conducts impulses through the following physiological processes...(elaborate in detail)”… “At each neuromuscular junction the following occurs...(elaborate in detail)”… “each muscle contraction involves individual muscle fibers and their sarcomeres undergoing the contraction cycle...which in includes...(elaborate in detail)” “ To kick a ball requires flexion, followed by rapid extension at the knee. The knee is a hinge joint formed by articulation between the medial and lateral condyles of both the femur and tibia. To flex the knee, nerve impulses exit the spinal cord via the sacral plexus (L1 to S3) and travel down the tibial part of the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve synapses with the three muscles of the hamstrings, stimulating contraction in these muscles. The semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris make up the hamstrings on the posterior side of the thigh. When these three muscles contract, they work together to pull the tibia and fibula back and up toward the posterior side of the femur. This action flexes the knee, causing the condyles’ of the tibia to glide back and upward along the condyles’ of the femur, decreasing the angle of the knee joint, and bringing the tibia and fibula closer to the femur at the back of the thigh. Then, to kick the ball requires you to swing the lower leg forward by extending the knee... This is the rubric that will be used to score your paper. Examine it closely to make sure you are including all required aspects of the paper. Rubric - Final Anatomy Paper ____ Thorough introduction pertaining to how movement is produced in the body in general, College level writing in paper (5pts) ____ Description of a general motor pathway through brain and spinal cord - thorough and correct (10 pts) ____ Nerve Physiology: (20 pts) 1. How Impulse is initiated – thorough & correct 2. How Impulse is propagated – thorough & correct 3. How impulse is transmitted – thorough & correct ____ Muscle Physiology: (20 pts) 1. How muscle is stimulated – thorough & correct 2. How stimulus causes contraction - thorough & correct 3. Contraction - Sliding filament theory – thorough & correct ____ Reach for cookie: (15 pts) 1. Movement at shoulder joint identified correctly 2. Nerves, muscles, and bones needed for the movement identified correctly 3. Description of the interaction needed for the movement thorough and correct ____ Grasp cookie: (15 pts) 1. Movement at the metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers & carpometacarpal joint of thumb identified correctly 2. Nerves, muscles, and bones needed for the movement identified correctly 3. Description of the interaction needed for the movement thorough and correct ____ Bring Cookie to mouth: (15pts) 1. Movement at elbow joint identified correctly 2. Nerves, muscles, and bones needed for the movement identified correctly 3. Description of the interaction needed for the movement thorough and correct List of Do’s and Don’ts for the Paper Do’s Don’ts • Do use the rubric to verify that you have included all required components of the paper • Don’t lose points by leaving something out! If it is not there, I can’t give you points. • Do look up and verify that you are identifying the motion at the joint correctly for the action you are trying to complete. • Example: What does flexion of the knee look like? Is that the motion you make to sit down on a bus? Verify! • Don’t get the motions at the joint wrong. If the motion is wrong than all the muscles and nerves will be wrong too • Do look up which muscles produce the movement you have identified at the joint • Do look up the which nerves stimulate the muscles you have identified for that movement • Don’t guess at the nerves and muscles needed to produce the specific movements you have identified – use your resources! You may need to name some structures that were not studied in class. • Do write a specific description of interactions that occur between the specific nerves, muscle and bones when describing the motion at a joint! How do nerves and muscles interact? How do muscles and bones interact? What is the role of each in movement? Example of what to DO: “To flex the knee, a nerve impulse passes from the sciatic nerve to stimulate the three muscles of the hamstrings, the semimembranosus, semitendinosus and the biceps femoris, causing them to contract. When these muscles contract, they pull the tibia and fibula back and up toward the posterior side of the femur, causing flexion at the join.t….” See full example of kicking a ball on instructions! • Don’t create a list the muscles, bones and nerves involved in a motion and think that you are done! That is only a rough organization of the facts you need to write a description of the interaction between these structures. Example of what NOT to do: “To flex the knee involves the 3 hamstrings – the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris, the tibia, fibula and femur, and the sciatic nerve.” • Don’t describe the anatomy in place of how these structures interact…. If you describe how the knee is put together and how the muscles attach… great… then describe how they interact. • Do be descriptive and specific in how the bones move at the joint – use directional terms to distinguish between flexion, extension adduction. Example: …the hamstrings pull the tibia and fibula back and up toward the posterior side of the femur, causing the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia to glide back and up on the condyles of the femur, flexing the knee joint….” • Don’t just list the bones that are pulled to describe how to “flex the knee” – explain how they are pulled • Don’t say the bones “flex” or “extend” the movement occurs at the joint. A bone that flexes or extends might snap. • Don’t restate the movement at the joint to describe how the bones are moved by the muscles • Do verify that the motor pathway is complete and correct. • Do verify that the mechanisms for nerve and muscle physiology is complete and correct • Don’t leave sections out – verify accuracy • Do follow APA style – look it up – and ask questions • Don’t omit citations

Paper For Above instruction

The process of movement in the human body is a highly coordinated interaction among the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. These systems work synergistically to produce purposeful motion, allowing individuals to perform everyday actions ranging from simple reaching to complex athletic activities. The nervous system is responsible for initiating and controlling movement by transmitting electrical impulses through a defined motor pathway that extends from the brain. The muscular system executes these commands via contraction mechanisms, primarily driven by the sliding filament theory, while the skeletal system provides structural support and leverage necessary for movement. The interaction of these systems is fundamental to the process of human motion, and understanding their roles and interplay is key to explaining how movement is produced.

In normal functioning, the motor pathway begins in the motor cortex of the brain, where voluntary movement commands originate. The signals descend through the brainstem and pass via the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord, integrating with other descending pathways to reach the appropriate spinal cord segments. From there, the signal travels through spinal nerves to specific motor neurons that innervate muscles involved in the movement. This pathway ensures that conscious decisions in the brain are translated into specific muscle actions, facilitating coordinated movement. The conduction of nerve impulses along this pathway involves changes in membrane potential, propagation of action potentials along axons, and synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions, all of which are essential for effective muscle stimulation.

The physiology of nerves mediates the initiation and propagation of impulses through several mechanisms. An impulse is initiated when a stimulus causes the neuron’s membrane potential to reach the threshold, resulting in depolarization due to the rapid influx of sodium ions through voltage-gated channels. This depolarization propagates along the axon via the sequential opening of channels, generating an action potential. The impulse then travels down the axon to reach the neuromuscular junction, where it triggers the release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, leading to depolarization of the muscle cell membrane and the generation of a muscle action potential. This process underpins how nerves communicate with muscles to produce contraction.

Muscle physiology explains how stimulation translates into contraction via the sliding filament theory. Once the muscle fiber membrane depolarizes, an internal signal called the T-tubule system transmits the depolarization to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, prompting it to release calcium ions. These calcium ions bind to troponin on actin filaments, causing a conformational change that moves tropomyosin away from actin’s myosin-binding sites. This allows myosin heads, energized by ATP hydrolysis, to bind to actin filaments and form cross-bridges. The cycling of the myosin heads—attachment, pivoting, detachment, and reattachment—results in the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other, shortening the sarcomeres and causing muscle contraction. This mechanism is crucial for translating electrical stimuli into mechanical work, enabling movement.

When reaching for the cookie, a complex interaction occurs between different muscles, nerves, and bones. The initial movement at the shoulder joint involves shoulder flexion, primarily facilitated by the anterior deltoid muscle. The nerve supplying this muscle is the axillary nerve, which originates from the brachial plexus. The motor impulse from the brain travels down the corticospinal tract, synapses with alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord, and then passes through the axillary nerve to stimulate the deltoid. During this process, when the nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released, initiating a muscle action potential that causes the deltoid fibers to contract and produce shoulder flexion, lifting the arm forward.

Similarly, grasping the cookie involves flexion of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints of the fingers and the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb. The primary muscles responsible for this movement include the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus for the fingers, and the flexor pollicis brevis for the thumb. These muscles are innervated by median and ulnar nerves for the fingers, and the median nerve for the thumb. The neural signals originate from the motor cortex and traverse the corticospinal pathway, synapsing with motor neurons in the spinal cord, which then transmit impulses via the respective nerves to stimulate contraction. The muscle fibers respond by contracting through the sliding filament mechanism, bringing the fingers and thumb into a grasping position around the cookie.

Finally, bringing the cookie to the mouth involves flexion of the elbow, primarily driven by the biceps brachii muscle. The nerve supplying the biceps is the musculocavernosus nerve, a branch of the brachial plexus. The neural pathway follows the same general route—motor commands originate in the cortex, descend through the corticospinal tract, and synapse with motor neurons in the cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord segments. These neurons send impulses via the musculocavernosus nerve, stimulating the biceps to contract. The contraction pulls the forearm upward, toward the mouth, accomplished through elbow flexion. The sliding filament theory explains how the electrical stimulation causes actin and myosin filaments within the biceps fibers to slide past each other, shortening the muscle and producing movement.

In conclusion, the production of movement in the human body hinges on the intricate and precise interactions among the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. Understanding the motor pathway provides insight into how conscious thought is translated into muscle action, while nerve and muscle physiology explain the cellular mechanisms underlying impulse conduction and contraction. The coordinated actions at the shoulder, fingers, and elbow exemplify the integration of these systems—each movement resulting from complex yet well-orchestrated physiological processes. Mastery of this knowledge provides a foundation for comprehending movement disorders, optimizing performance, and developing rehabilitation strategies.

References

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