Introduction To Biological Science Instruction For This Fina

Introduction To Biological Scienceinstructionfor This Final You Are G

Introduction to Biological Science Instruction For this final, you are given two sets of questionnaires. For each of them, you are given a figure and a set of KEYWORDS related to the figure. They pertain to biological systems discussed in the class. Your task is to compose, in your own words, a paragraph aptly describing the figure, USING the KEYWORDS. You may use any resources available such as books or internet, but you cannot simply copy what you find from other’s work. You must provide sentence(s) of your own composition. It would mean that more than coincidental similarity between your work and those of others will not be permitted. There is no limit on the number of words. Your work will be graded based on the following criteria: Are all the KEYWORDS used in correct and coherent manner? Are the features of the figure accurately and comprehensibly described? Does the paragraph exhibit reasonable level of understanding of the depicted biological system? Is the paragraph free from scientific and grammatical error? Is the work free from reasonable suspicion of plagiarism? You may type directly into this Word file and attach in the reply email, or simply email me the plain text only. FIGURE 1 KEYWORDS: Electron Transport Chain NADH ATP Synthase Hydrogen Ion Mitochondria FIGURE 2 KEYWORDS: Voltage-gated ion channel Action potential Sodium ion (Na+) Potassium ion (K+) Axon *

Paper For Above instruction

The provided figures illustrate two fundamental processes in cellular physiology. The first figure depicts the mitochondrial electron transport chain, a critical step in cellular respiration. NADH, generated during earlier metabolic pathways, donates electrons to the chain, which are ultimately transferred to oxygen, forming water. As electrons pass through protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane, hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped across, creating a hydrogen ion gradient. This electrochemical gradient stored within the mitochondria powers ATP synthase, an essential enzyme that synthesizes ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. The process highlights the intricate coordination of mitochondria in energy production, emphasizing the importance of the electron transport chain and hydrogen ion movement in generating ATP efficiently.

The second figure illustrates the mechanism of nerve signal transmission via an action potential. Voltage-gated ion channels on the axon membrane play a vital role in this process. When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels open, allowing Na+ ions to rush into the axon, causing further depolarization. Subsequently, voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels open, enabling K+ ions to exit the axon, which repolarizes and restores the resting membrane potential. This oscillation of ion flow generates an electrical signal called an action potential, which propagates along the axon, facilitating rapid communication within the nervous system. The coordinated opening and closing of these ion channels are fundamental to neural function, illustrating how ionic movements underpin electrical signaling in neurons.

In summary, both figures highlight essential biological mechanisms—energy production within mitochondria and nerve impulse transmission—each utilizing specific ions and proteins to enable complex physiological functions. These systems exemplify the intricate interplay of molecular components that sustain life at the cellular level.

References

  • Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J., & Stryer, L. (2015). Biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
  • Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
  • Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
  • Stryer, L. (2014). Biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
  • Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2012). Principles of Neural Science (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Hille, B. (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sinauer Associates.
  • Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2011). Biochemistry (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2013). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
  • Nicholls, D. G., & Ward, M. W. (2011). Bioenergetics. Academic Press.
  • Purves, D., Augustine, G. J., & Fitzpatrick, D. (2012). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sinauer Associates.

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